<p>Ogof Ffynnon Ddu , also known informally as OFD, is a cave under a hillside in the area surrounding Penwyllt in the Upper Swansea Valley in South Wales. It is the second longest cave in Wales and the deepest in the United Kingdom.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>OFD was discovered in 1946 through digging by Peter Harvey and Ian Nixon, members of the newly formed South Wales Caving Club. Exploration beyond the Boulder Chamber in 1957 revealed passages as far as the Dip Sump. Major extensions were discovered in 1967 through to Cwm Dwr, which is now known as OFD2. The system is famous for its intricate maze-like structure and its impressive main stream passage.</p><br>
<p>It is now part of the Ogof Ffynnon Ddu National Nature Reserve which includes the ruined remains of a former brickworks, including several kilns, quarry workings and tramroads tracks. The terrace of workers cottages is now occupied by the South Wales Caving Club.</p><br>
<h2>The cave system</h2><br>
<p>With a depth of 274 m and at least 50 km long, it is the deepest cave in the UK and the second longest in Wales. One of the largest cave systems in Britain, the passages and chambers of Ogof Ffynnon Ddu weave a long and tortuous path beneath the east side of the Tawe Valley. The stream passage cuts through black limestone producing waterfalls, rapids, deep pot holes and scalloped walls. The system is divided into three parts, the lowermost (western) section is referred to as Ogof Ffynnon Ddu I (or simply OFDI), the central section as Ogof Ffynnon Ddu II (or OFDII) and the uppermost (eastern) section as Ogof Ffynnon Ddu I (or OFDIII).</p><br>
<p>An assortment of specialised wildlife has developed underground including cave shrimps and the pale blanched trout endemic to pure underground fresh water courses with sufficient plankton. Deep cracks in the vast expanse of stony moorland above provide habitats to plant life, including the lily of the valley and wood anemone, and mossy saxifrage (Saxifraga hypnoides) grows on the limestone outcrops.</p><br>
<p>The Peace–Athabasca Delta, located in northeast Alberta, is the largest freshwater inland river delta in North America. It is located partially within the southeast corner of Wood Buffalo National Park, Canadas largest national park, and also spreads into the Regional Municipality of Wood Buffalo, west and south of the historical community of Fort Chipewyan. The delta encompasses approximately 321,200 hectare, formed where the Peace and Athabasca rivers converge on the Slave River and Lake Athabasca. The delta region is designated a wetland of international importance and a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The region is large enough that it is considered one of twenty distinct natural subregions of Alberta by the provincial governments Natural Regions Committee.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Land use and occupation by the first indigenous people in the area can be traced to the retreat of the glaciers.</p><br>
<p>In 1922, Wood Buffalo National Park was established to protect the remnant population of bison that escaped the slaughter in the late 19th century. It became the world&#39;s largest herd of free roaming wood bison, currently estimated at more than 5,000. It is one of two known nesting sites of whooping cranes.</p><br>
<p>In the late 1960s, the W.A.C. Bennett Dam was constructed on the Peace River in northern British Columbia by BC Hydro, a major hydropower utility. Between 1968 and 1971, "after the construction and initial filling of the W.A.C. Bennett hydroelectric dam at the headwaters of the Peace River", the Peace–Athabasca delta experienced a "prolonged dry period" that turned some basins from aquatic into terrestrial ecosystems.</p><br>
<p>In 1974, a major flood occurred in the region and, when the spring water receded, the delta experienced a second prolonged dry period.</p><br>
<p>On 24 May 1982, the Peace–Athabasca Delta region was designated by the Ramsar Convention as a wetland of international importance. The Ramsar Convention, an international treaty for the conservation and sustainable utilization of wetlands, was created to "stem the progressive encroachment on and loss of wetlands now and in the future". They recognize the "fundamental ecological functions of wetlands" that support a "characteristic flora and fauna, particularly waterfowl" and the economic, cultural, scientific, and recreational value of wetlands. The reasons for this designation as internationally significant are,</p><br>
<p>In 1983, Peace–Athabasca Delta was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site as one of the world&#39;s largest freshwater deltas, for its biological diversity and for the population of wild bison.</p><br>
<p>In 1986, Ducks Unlimited (Canada) and Alberta Energy and Natural Resources Fish and Wildlife Division proposed "the portion of the delta lying outside Wood Buffalo National Park, with the exception of the Chipewyan Indian Reserves, as a Wildlife Habitat Management Area.</p><br>
<p>By the 1990s, the National Water Research Institute was involved in a provincial-territorial-federal initiative, the Northern River Basins Study, and was conducting research on the hydro-climatology and ecology of the Peace–Athabasca Delta. They investigated potential impact on the delta&#39;s productivity and biodiversity if the climate were to change.</p><br>
<p>In the spring of 2006, BC Hydro dam managers released an agreed upon timed flow into the delta under appropriate hydrological and climatic conditions thereby increasing the magnitude of an ice-jam flood, producing the first major flood since c. 1986 and bringing restorative water to areas that had been dry since c.1986.</p><br>
<p>In June 2009, the Peace–Athabasca Delta Environmental Monitoring Program (PADEMP) held their first official meeting in Fort Smith with 17 groups participating, including federal, provincial and territorial governments and ten First Nations directly affected by the Peace–Athabasca Delta. PADEMP chair, Stuart Macmillan representing Parks Canada, observed that, "I think everybody realizes if we don’t do this now, we’re in danger of losing something very special in the delta. The rate of change is increasing so rapidly that we’ve got to get a handle on what’s going on." According to Chris Heron, the NWT Metis Nation representative of the PADEMP, the use of traditional knowledge to determine the ecological health of the Peace–Athabasca Delta and their findings will be investigated using western science.</p><br>
<h2>Conservation</h2><br>
<p>The marshes, lakes and mud flats of this area are an important habitat for waterfowl nesting and provides a staging area for migration.</p><br>
<p>The unique location and habitat of the Peace–Athabasca Delta region supports numerous species of waterbirds and is one of the most important places in North America for migrating waterbirds to rest, feed and breed.</p><br>
<p>Although all four major North American flyways, Atlantic, Mississippi, Central, and Flyways, cross the Peace–Athabasca Delta, it is "probably the most significant to the Mississippi and Central flyways." Species include ducks, geese, swans and the endangered whooping crane, which has its natural nesting place in the delta.</p><br>
<p>The grass and sedge meadows of this area also provide habitat for several thousand wood and plains bison.</p><br>
<h3>Influence of Bennett Dam</h3><br>
<p>In the late 1960s, the W.A.C. Bennett Dam was constructed on the Peace River in northern British Columbia by BC Hydro, a major hydropower utility. The impacts of the dam on the delta have been disputed. Initial drops in water levels were mitigated by the construction of three rock-fill weirs on the Chenal des Quatre Fourches, Revillon Coupé, and Rivière des Rochers, the first of which was later removed due to complaints from muskrat trappers. The weirs restored mean open-season water levels nearly to pre-regulation levels.</p><br>
<p>Critical to the delta are spring ice-jam floods that play a critical role in refilling perched basins and wetlands outside of the permanently connected channels and lakes. It has been claimed that the dam reduced ice-jam floods, but recent studies are not able to verify this claim. Sediment records were used to reconstruct the history of flooding for the past 300 years. Maximum flood frequency was seen to reach a maximum in the early 1900s and declined in the 1940s and 1950s prior to the construction of the dam. There were no major ice-jam floods between 1975 and 1995 and this could be a result of the dam. Major ice-jam floods occurred in 1996 and 1997. There have been similar prolonged periods lacking major flooding including 1813 to 1839 and 1705 to 1786.</p><br>
<p>Studies of the climate and ecology of the Peace–Athabasca Delta have been carried out to understand the effect of the dam on delta. It was found that the recent decades are neither the driest nor the wettest that the delta has experienced in the past three hundred years. The early 1900s were some of the wettest conditions experienced by the delta. During the early- to mid-1900s there was a general trend of drying. While the delta is drier today than it was in the early parts of the 1900s, there is no clear indication that the dam is responsible. The Peace–Athabasca Delta is still well within the range of naturally variability due to natural changes in climate seen within the past few centuries.</p><br>
<p>An ongoing lawsuit between BC Hydro and local First Nations bands relates to the effects of Bennett Dam on delta water levels and associated traditional lifestyles.</p><br>
<h2>Waterways</h2><br>
<p>The Birch River flows into Lake Claire, the largest lake completely in Alberta, which is an important part of the delta. Other water bodies located in the delta are Baril Lake, Mamawi Lake, Hilda Lake, Otter Lake, French Lake, Pair Lakes, Welstead Lake, Four Forks Lake, Galoot Lake, Pushup Lake, Jemis Lake, Richardson Lake, Flett Lake, Blanche Lake and Limon Lake.</p><br>
<p>Revillon Coupé, Rivière des Rochers and Chenal des Quatre Fourches are the main distributaries connecting Lake Athabasca and the point where Peace River flows into the Slave River. When the Peace River is in flood, the flow of these channels are reversed and water from the Peace flows into Lake Athabasca.</p><br>
<p>Other rivers draining the wetlands through the Peace–Athabasca Delta include Swift Current Creek, Carolyn Creek, Modere Creek, Steepbank River, McIvor River, Buckton Creek, Frog Creek, Sall River, Bolton Creek, Edra Creek, Peel Creek, Alice Creek, Mamawi Creek, Embarras River, Horse Island Creek, Chilloneys Creek, Claire River, Dempsey Creek, Baril River, Peltier Creek, Scow Channel, Powder Creek, and Revillon Coupe.</p><br>
<p>Monte Vettore  is a mountain of the Apennines and it&#39;s the highest peak of Marche region.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The mountain is part of the Sibillini mountains range, is included in Sibillini Mountains National Park and in Marche region, half-mile from regional borders. Pilate Lake is below the summit in a small enclosed valley between Redeemer Peak.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The local medieval tradition was that the Apennine Sibyl, a mysterious prophetess not counted among the Sibyls of Classical Antiquity, was condemned by God to dwell in a mountain cavern and await Judgement Day, having rebelled at the news that she had not been chosen Mother of God, but that some humble Judaean virgin had been favored. The peak of Monte Vettore, surrounded by reddish cliffs was recognized as the crown of Regina Sibilla.</p><br>
<p>Less stringently Christian legend set her in an underworld paradise entered through a grotto in the mountains of Norcia. Nearby the magical lake is fed by water from the cavern. Whoever stayed longer than a year could no longer leave, but remained deathless and ageless, feasting in abundance, amid revelry and voluptuous delights.</p><br>
<p>In the romance of Il Guerrin Meschino, written by Andrea da Barberino about 1410, the central episode of the sixth part (Canto V) contains the "prodigious adventures" of Guerrino with this enchantress, the "Fata" Alcina, whom he seeks out, against all advice. He locates her cavern in the mountains of central Italy with the aid of Macco, a speaking serpent. She shows him the delights and horrors of her cavern, where sinners have been changed to the appropriate animals, but where sin is the only path to the knowledge of his real parents that he seeks, and Guerrin has to flee.</p><br>
<p>The long informative captions in the maps of Ortelius&#39; 16th-century atlas, Cartographia Neerlandica, offer some detail about this Apennine Sybil:</p><br>
<p>Locally the Sibilla was in some sense a beneficent fata whose retinue would descend from her mountain at times to teach the village girls all the secrets of spinning and weaving (see Weaving (mythology) for other European weaving goddesses), and perhaps to dance the saltarello with the best of the young men. But if they weren&#39;t back in their mountain fastness by sunrise, they would be denied access and would become mere mortals. On one occasion, what with dancing and pleasure, the faterelle had not noticed the approach of dawn. Scrambling up the Vettore, their goatlike feet crushed the rock to fragments. They reached the safety of their grotto just before dawn, but the long slope of talus is still pointed out as the Path of the Fata.</p><br>
<p>Farres  is a former municipality in Achaea, West Greece, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Erymanthos, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 241.848 km. The municipality Farres existed between 1835 and 1912, and again between 1998 and 2011. Its seat of administration was in the town Chalandritsa. Farres is situated in the centre of Achaea, on the upper courses of the rivers Peiros and Parapeiros. Towards the southeast  and northeast  the terrain is increasingly mountainous. It is located about 15 km south of Patras and 30 km west of Kalavryta. The Greek National Road 33  runs through western Farres.</p><br>
<h2>Subdivisions</h2><br>
<p>The municipal unit Farres is subdivided into the following communities (constituent villages in brackets):</p><br>
<p>Chalandritsa (Chalandritsa, Kydonies, Mastoraiika-Stamaiika)</p><br>
<p>Chrysopigi (Chrysopigi, Ano Chrysopigi)</p><br>
<p>Elliniko (Elliniko, Agia Eleousa, Koumaris, Neochori, Chrysavgi)</p><br>
<p>Fares (Fares, Prevedos)</p><br>
<p>Isoma</p><br>
<p>Kalanistra (Kalanistra, Rodia)</p><br>
<p>Kalanos</p><br>
<p>Kalousi</p><br>
<p>Katarraktis</p><br>
<p>Kritharakia (Kritharakia, Asteri, Toskes)</p><br>
<p>Lakkomata (Lakkomata, Tsapournia)</p><br>
<p>Mirali</p><br>
<p>Neo Kompigadi (Neo Kompigadi, Michas, Platanos)</p><br>
<p>Platanovrysi (Platanovrysi, Agia Paraskevi, Kato Platanovrysi, Koimisis)</p><br>
<p>Starochori (Ano Starochori, Dafnoula, Kato Starochori, Trousas)</p><br>
<p>Vasiliko (Vasiliko, Agrilia, Kydonies, Sterna, Stefani)</p><br>
<h2>Historical population</h2><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Near Chalandritsa a Mycenaean settlement has been excavated in 1985. Pharae was one of the cities of the Achaean League. After the Roman conquest, it belonged to Patras. During the Frankish rule (13th-14th century) the Barony of Chalandritsa was established. The barony was ruled by the French Dramelay (or Trémolay) family and later the Genoese Zaccaria family. The remains of the Frankish castle have been preserved. Ottoman rule lasted until the Greek War of Independence, in which the area was liberated in 1821-1822. Two earthquakes, measuring 5.5 on the Richter scale, struck the municipality on February 5, 2008 causing little damage.</p><br>
<p>Marawah  is a low-lying island off the coast of Abu Dhabi. The island is 15 km north of the Khor al Bazm lagoon along the Abu Dhabi coastline in the southern Persian Gulf of the United Arab Emirates.</p><br>
<h2>Geology and geography</h2><br>
<p>Current research indicates that the island was formed from relict Pleistocene limestone platforms linked by Holocene sand and beach deposits and intervening patches of sabkha.</p><br>
<p>Marawah is located 100 km west of the city and capital, Abu Dhabi. The island is around 13 km from east to west and about 5.5 km from north to south. There are three islands in proximity to Marawah: the small island of Al Fiyah to the west, the island of Junaina to the southeast, and the island of Abu al Abyad in the east.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The west first became aware of the island around 1829 when the East India Company recorded its location in a nautical survey of the Persian Gulf.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology</h2><br>
<p>Although privately owned, the island is a key center of archaeology.</p><br>
<p>In 1992, the Abu Dhabi Islands Archaeological Survey (ADIAS) completed a preliminary survey of the island. Archeologists identified 13 sites dating from the Neolithic to the Islamic Period (12-13 AD).</p><br>
<p>In 2004, ADIAS discovered the oldest human skeleton ever found in the region amid the remains of Neolithic buildings and over 200 flint tools. DNA was extracted from teeth that were recovered from the site, and it was determined that the remains were about 7,500 years old.</p><br>
<p>The River Alt is in Merseyside, England.</p><br>
<p>The Alt runs from Hag Plantation in Huyton at 125 ft, through Croxteth Park, roughly follows the M57 motorway south of Kirkby, then flows north of Aintree and south of Maghull. Historically in Lancashire, it then runs south of Formby and empties into the Irish Sea, near the edge of the Mersey estuary at Hightown.</p><br>
<p>The Alts upper waters deriving from small streams and, in particular, one arising at Hag Plantation in Huyton at 125ft.(2) The Alt then flows at a low gradient across an alluvium plain in a north- westerly direction before turning south-wards and emptying into the River Mersey at Hightown- between Crosby and Formby.</p><br>
<p>The Alt&#39;s catchment boundary reaches as far as Banks & Crossens in the north and out to Burscough & Kirkby in the east. It flows through varying types of land : Sherwood Sandstone in the Huyton area, Coal Measures in the West Derby area and eventually Mercia Mudstone in the Maghull/North Sefton area. The estuary forms part of the Ribble and Alt Estuaries Special Protection Area for wildlife.</p><br>
<p>The rivers name is probably of Celtic origin but banks of the river are lined by villages and places with names of Viking origin.</p><br>
<p>Both the Grand National at Aintree Racecourse and the Waterloo Cup in hare coursing at Great Altcar are associated with the River Alt watershed.</p><br>
<p>Before the installation of Tidal Floodgates at Hightown in the 18th Century the river was once called a Troublesome little river its everchanging course cutting through the field boundaries, threatening roads and bridges and wiping out the Hamlet of Altmouth sometime between 1577 and 1713. Flooding along the river was a problem until the 1960s when work to straighten and Canalise the river plus a new large Pumping Station at Altmouth ended the regular inundation of fields. The river was once well known for its fish and large quantities of Eels were trapped upstream and in tributaries. Flatfish like Dabs, Plaice and Flounder were caught in the estuary and the tidal reaches, vast Cockle beds were worked in the Estuary.</p><br>
<p>This little unassuming river began to change in the early 20th Century as Liverpool expanded and Industry, then new housing began to grow along its banks. By the 1970s the River was dead apart from Tubifex Bloodwormslittle more than a stinking open sewer slowly carrying untreated Industrial and Household effluent down to Liverpool Bay. New sewage farms at Croxteth and Hillhouse plus modernisation to existing sewage farms and the decrease in Heavy Industry in Knowsley, Kirkby and Aintree began to clean up the River and by the early 1990s Freshwater fish began to colonise the river from Tributaries like Sudell Brook and Downholland Brook By 2000 the River was well known amongst local anglers for its healthy population of Pike, Chub, Bream, Roach and Sticklebacks. Herons, Kingfishers and in Summer Egrets can often be seen patrolling the water.</p><br>
<p>The Alt is still not clean due to its heritage as a handy dumping ground for sewage and Industrial waste currently it has a Moderate Eological rating but a Fail rating for Chemicals due to heavy metals in its silt. However the transformation from smelly sewer to River in moderate health is remarkable in such a short time.</p><br>
<h2>Settlements</h2><br>
<p>*Hightown</p><br>
<p>*Formby</p><br>
<p>*Great Altcar</p><br>
<p>*Ince Blundell</p><br>
<p>*Maghull</p><br>
<p>*Aintree</p><br>
<p>*Melling</p><br>
<p>*Waddicar</p><br>
<p>*Kirkby</p><br>
<p>*Knowsley</p><br>
<p>*Croxteth</p><br>
<p>*West Derby</p><br>
<p>*Huyton</p><br>
<h2>Tributaries</h2><br>
<p>*Downholland Brook</p><br>
<p>**New Cut</p><br>
<p>**Bull Cop</p><br>
<p>**Sandy Brook</p><br>
<p>***Old Canal</p><br>
<p>**Fine Jane&#39;s Brook</p><br>
<p>**Leather Barrow&#39;s Ditch</p><br>
<p>***Cheshire Lines Brook</p><br>
<p>**Barton Brook</p><br>
<p>**Chisnall Brook</p><br>
<p>***Rough Brook</p><br>
<p>*Arnold&#39;s Cop</p><br>
<p>*Main Sluice</p><br>
<p>**Tongue&#39;s Watercourse</p><br>
<p>**Within&#39;s Watercourse</p><br>
<p>*Lydiate Brook</p><br>
<p>**Carr Sluice</p><br>
<p>*Maghull Hey Cop</p><br>
<p>**Carr Sluice</p><br>
<p>*Hunt&#39;s Brook</p><br>
<p>*Maghull Brook</p><br>
<p>*St. Helen&#39;s Gutter (as the Alt is known between Aintree and Maghull)</p><br>
<p>*Dover&#39;s Brook</p><br>
<p>**Whinny Brook</p><br>
<p>*Harrison&#39;s Brook</p><br>
<p>*Netherton&#39;s Brook</p><br>
<p>*Kirkby Brook</p><br>
<p>*Knowsley Brook</p><br>
<p>*Tue Brook</p><br>
<p>Puu Ōō  is a volcanic cone in the eastern rift zone of the Kīlauea volcano of the Hawaiian Islands. Puu Ōō has been erupting continuously since January 3, 1983, making it the longest-lived rift-zone eruption of the last two centuries.</p><br>
<p>By January 2005, 2.7 km3 of magma covered an area of more than 117 km&sup2; and added 230 acres of land to the Southeast coast of Hawaii. So far, the eruption has claimed 189 buildings and 14 km of highways, as well as a church, a store, the Wahaula Visitor Center, and many ancient Hawaiian sites, including the Wahaula heiau. The coastal highway has been closed since 1987, as it has been buried under lava up to 35 m thick.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>The hill was initially nicknamed "Puu O" by volcanologists, as its position when marked on a map of the area coincided with an "o" in "Lava flow of 1965". Later, the elders of the village of Kalapana were asked to name the new hill, and chose Puʻu ʻŌʻō, meaning hill of the digging stick. The name is also often translated as "Hill of the Ōō Bird".</p><br>
<h2>Puu Ōō-Kūpaianahā eruption</h2><br>
<p>The Puu Ōō eruption began when fissures split the ground in the remote rainforest of the eastern rift zone. By June 1983, the activity had strengthened and localized to the Puu Ōō vent. Over the next three years, 44 eruptive episodes with lava fountains as high as 460 m stopped traffic at points across east Hawaii. The fallout of cinder and spatter from the towering lava fountains built a cone 255 m high.</p><br>
<p>In July 1986, the conduit feeding magma to Puu Ōō ruptured, and the eruption abruptly shifted 3 km downrift to form the Kūpaianahā vent. With the new vent came a new style of eruption: continuous, quiet effusion from a lava lake replaced the episodic high fountaining. After a few weeks, a roof formed over the main lava outflow channel, which created a lava tube. The lava tube allowed the fluid pahoehoe lava to retain heat and flow long distances. In less than a year, overflow from the lake created a broad and low shield about 55 m above Kūpaianahā.</p><br>
<p>Lava streams were first visible from the town of Kapaau in November, 1986. In the course of that month, lava cut a swath through Kapaahu, covered the coastal highway, and finally reached the ocean 12 km from the vent. Some weeks later, the lava flow shifted eastwards and buried 14 houses in the town of Kalapana within one day. The lava flow at Kalapana ceased when the lava tube system shut down.</p><br>
<p>In 1990, the eruption entered its most destructive phase when flows turned eastward and totally destroyed the villages of Kalapana and Kaimū. Kaimū Bay and Kalapana Black Sand Beach were also completely covered with lava. Over 100 homes were destroyed by the ever-broadening flow field in a nine-month period. New tubes diverted lava away from Kalapana early in 1991, and lava once again entered the ocean within Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. The volume of lava erupted from Kūpaianahā declined steadily through 1991, and in early 1992 the vent died. The eruption then returned to Puu Ōō, where flank vents on the west and southwest sides of the cone constructed a new lava shield. Soon lava tubes were feeding lava from the vents to the ocean, with few surface flows in between. The flank vents have held center stage ever since, with the exception of a two-month pause in activity early in 1997 that followed a brief fissure eruption in Nāpau Crater, a short distance southwest of Puu Ōō.</p><br>
<p>On the evening of January 29, 1997, a series of earthquakes struck Kīlauea&#39;s east rift zone. Deep within the rift zone, magma was escaping from the conduit leading to the Puu Ōō vent, cutting off the supply to the ongoing eruption. The lava pond at Puu Ōō drained, and residents 10 mi away heard a low, rumbling roar as the crater floor dropped 500 ft and the west wall of the Puu Ōō cone collapsed. A few hours later, as magma found a new path to the surface, the ground cracked in nearby Nāpau Crater, and lava fountains lit up the night sky. However, activity in this area was short-lived, and the center of activity soon shifted back to Puu Ōō.</p><br>
<h2>Recent activity</h2><br>
<p>Puu Ōō cone was in its twenty-fifth year and 57th eruptive episode. This is the largest volume of lava in the past five centuries to erupt from the volcano&#39;s east rift zone. For over a decade the eruption flowed from flank vents on the south and west sides of the cone.</p><br>
<h3>2007</h3><br>
<p>As of January 2007, 3.1 cubic km of lava had covered 117 km (45 mi) and added 201 hectare to Kīlauea&#39;s southern shore. The new shoreline is 15.6 km long. The lava flows have destroyed 189 structures and covered 14 km of highway with as much as 35 m of lava.</p><br>
<p>In 2007, after a cluster of earthquakes, activity in Puu Ōō subsided and the crater floor collapsed, with no incandescence visible in the crater after the end of August. Lava began emerging from a series of cracks in the northeast rift zone and spread slowly east and south as a perched flow, with slow advances of aā. The flow spread mostly over flows of 1983–1986, with minor incursions into adjoining forests.</p><br>
<h3>2008</h3><br>
<p>In late July 2008, additional flows extended from the eastern vents of Puu Ōō and in October multiple new fissures opened along the length of the tube expanding into Royal Gardens Subdivision and covered a large area of the coastal flats in November 2008.</p><br>
<h3>2011</h3><br>
<p>On March 5, 2011, the floor of the Puu Ōō crater deflated, then collapsed. Two hours later, a new eruption occurred in Kilauea&#39;s middle east zone, between Puu Ōō and Napau Crater. Lava fountains were reported to be 65 ft high.</p><br>
<p>On March 26, 2011, lava began to refill the crater&#39;s floor being visible in USGS HVO webcam. USGS states that accumulation of lava has put the crater floor about 39 m below the eastern crater rim as of June 1.</p><br>
<p>On September 21, 2011, lava in the west lava lake in Puu Ōō Crater fed a series of lava flows that traveled down the west flank of Puu Ōō during 20–21 September. At about 0225 on 21 September activity in the crater and overflows to the west suddenly decreased, as lava broke through the upper east flank of Puu Ōō, bypassing the crater. The new fissure fed a channelized aā lava flow that advanced rapidly downslope 2.5 km southeast. A second flow to the west of the first began the next day. In addition, a small pad of lava actively refilled the bottom of the drained east lava lake and small flows were barely active at the west edge of Puu Ōō Crater. The channelized aā lava flow reached 3.7 km long on 23 September and then stalled within the Kahaualea Natural Area Reserve. Most of the active lava spread south and west of Puu Halulu (1.3 km northeast of Puu Ōō) during 23–27 September. Minor lava activity resumed within Puu O&#39;o Crater with short lava flows issuing from the base of the east wall on 25 September and from the west wall base during 25–26 September. The crater floor of Puu Ōō slowly subsided. Lava activity resumed within the east lake on 26 September. The floor of the crater continued to subside during 26–27 September, opening up cracks in the north crater floor.</p><br>
<p>The 2011 activity ultimately destroyed all remaining homes in the Royal Gardens Subdivision. Jack Thompson evacuated his home March 2, 2012. His evacuation and return to the property was documented by Leigh Hilbert.</p><br>
<h3>2014</h3><br>
<p>On June 27, 2014, new vents opened on the northeast flank of the Puu Ōō cone that fed a narrow lava flow to the east-northeast. On August 18, the flow entered a ground crack, traveled underground for several days, then resurfaced to form a small lava pad. The sequence was repeated twice more over the following days with lava entering other cracks and reappearing farther downslope. In this way, the flow had advanced approximately 13.2 km (8.2 miles) from the vent, or to within 1.3 km (0.8 miles) of the eastern boundary of the Wao Kele o Puna Forest Reserve, by the afternoon of September 3. Advancing to the northeast at intermittent rates, the flow had entered the village of Pāhoa and was within 25 meters (27 yards) of the waste recycling center on October 31.</p><br>
<h3>2015</h3><br>
<p>Smoke could be seen rising along the 2014 lava flow from aerial positions along the East Rift Zone. Hot lava spots could also be seen along the flow which indicated that lava was present in lava tubes below the surface. Current status of the Puu O&#39;o vent can be checked at the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory website.</p><br>
<h2>Footnotes</h2><br>
<p>The Ballon d&#39;Alsace Elsässer Belchen , sometimes also called the Alsatian Belchen to distinguish it from other mountains named "Belchen", is a mountain at the border of Alsace, Lorraine, and Franche-Comté. From its top, views include the Vosges, the Rhine valley, the Black Forest, and the Alps.</p><br>
<p>A road leads over a pass near the peak at the Col du Ballon d&#39;Alsace, 1,171 m. The pass is noted as the site of the first official mountain climb in the Tour de France on 11 July 1905, the first rider to the top of the climb being René Pottier and the stage being won by Hippolyte Aucouturier. Stage 9 of the 2005 Tour crossed this pass on the centenary of the original climb.</p><br>
<p>Ballon d&#39;Alsace features Alpine and Cross Country skiing tracks.</p><br>
<p>The mountain is part of the so-called Belchen System, a group of mountains with the name "Belchen" (in German) that may have been part of a Celtic sun calendar.</p><br>
<p>Jeanne dArc at Ballon dAlsace.JPGStatue of Jeanne dArc at Ballon dAlsace</p><br>
<p>Monument demineurs Ballon dAlsace.JPGDeminers monument at Ballon dAlsace</p><br>
<p>Vassøy is an island in Stavanger municipality in Rogaland county, Norway. The 0.73 km&sup2; island lies in the Storhaug borough, about 3.5 km northeast of the city centre of Stavanger in an archipelago. The islands of Roaldsøy, Bjørnøy, and Langøy lie to the west and the island of Lindøy lies to the southeast. Vassøy had 702 inhabitants  who all live along the western shore of the island; the eastern side is more rugged and wooded. The island has a primary school with around 80 pupils.</p><br>
<p>The only access to the island is by private boats or the regular ferry route administered by Kolumbus that goes from Vassøy to the city centre. A bridge connecting Vassøy to either Bjørnøy or Roaldsøy has been approved, but a starting date for construction has not been set.</p><br>
<p>The Weser  or Vesdre  is a river in eastern Belgium, in the province of Liège, and is a right tributary to the river Ourthe. Its source lies in the High Fens , close to the border with Germany near Monschau. It flows through an artificial lake , and then through the towns Eupen, Verviers, Pepinster and Chaudfontaine. The Vesdre flows into the Ourthe a few kilometers from Liège. Its total length is approximately 60 km.</p><br>
<p>The water of the Vesdre has a high acidity (due to the Hautes Fagnes bogs), which made it very suitable for the textiles industry around Verviers. The Vesdre was the far eastern end of the sillon industriel, the backbone of Walloon industry. Nowadays, the water of the Vesdre is mainly used as drinking water.</p><br>
<p>The stone circle at Castlerigg  is situated near Keswick in Cumbria, North West England. One of around 1,300 stone circles in the British Isles and Brittany, it was constructed as a part of a megalithic tradition that lasted from 3,300 to 900 BC, during the Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Ages.</p><br>
<p>Various archaeologists have commented positively on the beauty and romance of the Castlerigg ring and its natural environment. In his study of the stone circles of Cumbria, archaeologist John Waterhouse commented that the site was "one of the most visually impressive prehistoric monuments in Britain."</p><br>
<p>Every year, thousands of tourists travel to the site, making it the most visited stone circle in Cumbria. This plateau forms the raised centre of a natural amphitheatre created by the surrounding fells and from within the circle it is possible to see some of the highest peaks in Cumbria: Helvellyn, Skiddaw, Grasmoor and Blencathra.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The stones are of a local metamorphic slate, set in a flattened circle, measuring 32.6 m (107 ft) at its widest and 29.5 m (97 ft) at its narrowest. The heaviest stone has been estimated to weigh around 16 tons and the tallest stone measures approximately 2.3m high. There is a 3.3m wide gap in its northern edge, which may have been an entrance. Within the circle, abutting its eastern quadrant, is a roughly rectangular setting of a further 10 stones. The circle was probably constructed around 3200 BC (Late Neolithic/Early Bronze-Age), making it one of the earliest stone circles in Britain and possibly in Europe. It is important to archaeoastronomers who have noted that the sunrise during the Autumn equinox appears over the top of Threlkeld Knott, a hill 3.5 km to the east. Some stones in the circle have been aligned with the midwinter sunrise and various lunar positions.</p><br>
<p>There is a tradition that it is impossible to count the number of stones within Castlerigg; every attempt will result in a different answer. This tradition, however, may not be far from the truth. Due to erosion of the soil around the stones, caused by the large number of visitors to the monument, several smaller stones have ‘appeared’ next to some of the larger stones. Because these stones are so small, they are likely to have been packing stones used to support the larger stones when the circle was constructed and would originally have been buried. Differences in opinion as to the exact number of stones within Castlerigg are usually down to whether the observer counts these small packing stones, or not; some count 38 and others, 42. The ‘official’ number of stones, as represented on the National Trust information board at the monument, is 40.</p><br>
<p>In the early 20th century, a single outlying stone was erected by a farmer approximately 90m to the south west of Castlerigg. This stone has many linear ‘scars’ along its side from being repeatedly struck by a plough, suggesting that it was once buried below the surface and also why the farmer dug it up. It is not possible to say whether this stone was originally part of the circle, or just a naturally deposited boulder.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeological speculation</h2><br>
<p>The original motives behind the construction of Castlerigg, its subsequent uses, and how these may have changed over time are not known. Current thinking has linked Castlerigg with the Neolithic Langdale axe industry in the nearby Langdale fells: the circle may have been a meeting place where these axes were traded or exchanged. Ritually deposited stone axes have been found all over Britain, suggesting that their uses went far beyond their practical capabilities. Exchange or trading of stone axes may not have been possible without first taking part in a ritual or ceremony.</p><br>
<h2>Antiquarian study of Castlerigg</h2><br>
<p>Two of Britains earliest antiquarians, John Aubrey (1626–97) and William Camden (1551–1623), visited Cumbria with an interest in studying the areas megalithic monuments. Both described Long Meg and Her Daughters, another large stone circle, and recounted local legend and folklore associated with this monument, but neither writers mentions a visit to Castlerigg or the area around Keswick. John Aubrey was also the first writer to erroneously connect Neolithic and Bronze-Age megalithic monuments with the Iron-Age Druids.</p><br>
<p>It was not until the early 18th century that Castlerigg came to the attention of the wider public, when William Stukeley (1687–1765) visited the site, in 1725.</p><br>
<p>Stukeley’s account of his visit to Castlerigg is brief and was published in his Itinerarium Curiosum in 1776, 11 years after his death. Stukeley’s visit is important, as it is the earliest written record of the stone circle at Castlerigg:</p><br>
<p>…for a mile before we came to Keswick, on an eminence in the middle of a great concavity of those rude hills, and not far from the banks of the river Greata, I observed another Celtic work, very intire: it is 100 foot in diameter, and consists of forty stones, some very large. At the east end of it is a grave, made of such other stones, in number about ten: this is placed in the very east point of the circle, and within it: there is not a stone wanting, though some are removed a little out of their first station: they call it the Carsles, and, corruptly I suppose, Castle-rig. There seemed to be another larger circle in the next pasture toward the town.</p><br>
<p>(Stukeley 1969 Vol. II, 48).</p><br>
<p>Stukeley could be describing the circle as it stands today, as it has changed little in the three centuries since his visit. The rectangular enclosure within the circle, that Stukeley took to be a grave, still consists of 10 stones. It is not clear, however, why Stukeley believed the circle was not missing a single stone. Today there are several large gaps in the circle, suggesting that a number of stones may have indeed been either moved into a different position (possibly after the stone had fallen or been removed completely). Of course, there is no certainty today as to the original appearance of the circle, or how much it may have changed in the preceding millennia, prior to Stukeley&#39;s visit. It is believed, however, that the circle survives today in a relatively intact state, changed certainly, but not so far from its original design.</p><br>
<p>Stukeley’s observation of a second circle in the next field is a great revelation that places the stones at Castlerigg in a whole new light; that he fails to deliver a description demonstrates well the frustration felt by modern researchers when dealing with the works of antiquarians. This account could easily be dismissed today as pure fancy or it could be thought that he had mistakenly described a natural feature, as there is no evidence of it today, either above ground or in the observations of later scholars.</p><br>
<h2>The 19th century</h2><br>
<p>The apparently unspoilt and seemingly timeless landscape setting of Castlerigg stone circle provided inspiration for the poets, painters and writers of the 19th century Romantic movement. In John Keats’ Hyperion the passage “Scarce images of life, one here, one there,/Lay vast and edgeways; like a dismal cirque/Of Druid stones, upon a forlorn moor…“ is alleged to have been inspired by his visit to the stones; a visit, it seems, with which he was less than impressed. Samuel Taylor Coleridge, in 1799, visited Castlerigg with William Wordsworth and wrote of it, that a mile and a half from Keswick stands “…a Druidical circle the mountains stand one behind the other, in orderly array as if evoked by and attentive to the assembly of white-vested wizards”.</p><br>
<p>An early description of Castlerigg stone circle can be found in the 1843 book The Wonders of the World in Nature, Art and Mind, by Robert Sears. In the passage quoted below, Sears also quotes an earlier description of the circle by Ann Radcliffe (Mrs. Radcliffe).</p><br>
<p>The Druidical Circle, represented in the accompanying plate, is to be found on the summit of a bold and commanding eminence called Castle-Rigg, about a mile and a half on the old road, leading from Keswick, over the hills to Penrith,—a situation so wild, vast, and beautiful, that one cannot, perhaps, find better terms to convey an idea of it than by adopting the language of a celebrated female writer, (Mrs. Radclifle,) who, travelling over the same ground years ago, thus described the scene: "Whether our judgment," she says, " was influenced by the authority of a Druid&#39;s choice, or that the place itself commanded the opinion, we thought this situation the most severely grand of any hitherto passed. There is, perhaps, not a single object in the scene that interrupts the solemn tone of feeling impressed by its general character of profound solitude, greatness, and awful wildness. Castle-Rigg is the centre point of three valleys that dart immediately under it from the eye, and whose mountains form part of an amphitheatre, which is completed by those of Borrowdale on the west, and by the precipices of Skiddaw and Saddleback, close on the north. The hue which pervades all these mountains is that of dark heath or rock; they are thrown into every form and direction that fancy would suggest, and are at that distance which allows all their grandeur to prevail. Such seclusion and sublimity were indeed well suited to the dark and wild mysteries of the Druids."</p><br>
<p>Sears then continues his description:</p><br>
<p>The one here represented is of the first, or simple class, and consists, at present, of about forty stones of different sizes, all, or most of them, of dark granite,— the highest about seven feet, several about four, and others considerably less; the few fir-trees in the centre are, of course, of very modern growth. The form may, with more propriety, be called an oval, being thirty-five yards in one direction, and thirty-three yards in another, in which respect it assimilates exactly to that of Rollrich; but what distinguishes this from all other Druidical remains of a similar nature, is the rectangular enclosure on the eastward side of the circle, including a space of about eight feet by four. The object of this is a matter of conjecture ;—by some it is supposed to have been a sort of Holy of Holies where the Druids met, separated from the vulgar, to perform their rites, their divinations, or sit in council to determine controversies; others consider it to have been for the purposes of burial; probably it might have been intended for both.</p><br>
<p>The later 19th century saw an increase in research into Castlerigg stone circle. C W Dymond visited the circle in 1878 and 1881, from which visits he produced the first accurate plan of the stones. He marked the position of one of the internal cairns, showing that it was clearly visible at that time, but missed the other two cairns observed by Benjamin Williams in 1856 showing that these two features have never been clearly defined.</p><br>
<p>The only known archaeological excavation at Castlerigg was carried out by W K Dover in 1882, one year before the site was scheduled. His excavation targeted the internal rectangular enclosure at the eastern side of the circle and his account of his excavation is brief and hidden within details of a day trip to the circle on 5 October 1882, by members of the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society, which was published in 1883:</p><br>
<p>Prior to the visit of the Society some excavations had been made under the superintendence of Mr. W Kinsey Dover, with the view of finding whether the subsoil would disclose anything that might lead to some conclusion as to the age or object of the circle. The following is Mr. Dover’s report: Length of inclosure within the Keswick stone circle, 22 feet, east and west; breadth, 11 feet, north and south. Length opened out, 18 feet to 19 feet; breadth, 3 feet 3 inches, with two cross cuts of about 2 feet. Depth of dark superficial soil to where the yellow undisturbed soil appears, 14 inches, with the exception of a small portion at the west end where the black soil mixed with stones continued to a depth of 3 feet. Near the bottom here, I found what I think to be a few small pieces of burned wood or charcoal, also some dark unctuous sort of earth, a sample of both I brought away. (Dover 1883, 505).</p><br>
<p>What subsequently happened to the samples of ‘burned wood or charcoal’ and the ‘dark unctuous sort of earth’ is unknown, other than they are now likely to be lost or, if not, too contaminated to be worth modern scientific analysis. Nevertheless, Dover&#39;s excavation is the only one to have been carried out at Castlerigg. It is, however, believed by some, based on the dimensions given by Dover, that if any stratigraphy exists within the rectangular enclosure it would not have been completely destroyed and the potential to create a relative sequence between the circle and the enclosure should still be possible. It is unlikely that further excavation around the stones would be permitted today as it is neither threatened by farming or development and erosion of the ground surface by the many visitors to the site is kept in check and is not sufficient to affect the integrity of the stones.</p><br>
<h2>Recent research</h2><br>
<p>Much of our knowledge and understanding of Castlerigg stone circle has been passed down to us by the work of 18th century antiquarians and 19th century amateurs. Considering that the stone circles of Cumbria in general are of such antiquity, being the earliest stone circles in the whole of Europe, it is surprising that so little work has been carried out here under modern conditions and that none of the stone circles of Cumbria have so far been scientifically dated.</p><br>
<p>Since the 1960s, the names Aubrey Burl and Alexander Thom have become synonymous with stone circles and both men have contributed significantly to the literature on this subject, whilst taking opposing sides regarding their purpose and significance. The works of Burl strongly support the idea that any geometry within the circle, or astronomical alignments, are either purely coincidental or symbolic in nature. Thom, on the other hand, is a proponent of the circle builders being adept astronomers and mathematicians and suggests that these skills can be seen in all stone circles, everywhere. While neither Burl’s nor Thom’s works deal with Castlerigg exclusively, they do attempt to place all the stone circles of Britain in context to each other and to explain their purpose.</p><br>
<p>English Heritage subjected the scheduled area and the field to its immediate west to a geophysical survey in 1985 in order to improve our understanding of the stone circle and to provide a better interpretation for visitors. A full report of the findings from 1985 has still to be published.</p><br>
<p>In 2004, Dr Margarita Díaz-Andreu, of the Department of Archaeology at Durham University, commissioned a survey of the stones at Castlerigg in response to claims that prehistoric rock art had been discovered there. A pioneering survey technique that used a laser to record three-dimensional images of the stones was employed. Unfortunately, only graffiti from more recent times was discovered and no trace of the alleged prehistoric carvings was found.</p><br>
<h2>Pagan connections</h2><br>
<p>Castlerigg has a solar alignment and is used in solstice celebrations.</p><br>
<h2>Conservation history</h2><br>
<p>Castlerigg stone circle was one of the monuments included in the Ancient Monuments Protection Act 1882, which included a Schedule of 68 sites in Great Britain and Ireland. It thus became one of the first scheduled ancient monuments. The following year the stone circle was taken in to state care. Under the 1882 act a deed of guardianship could be entered into by a landowner, in which the monument, but not the land it stands on, becomes the property of the state. As one of the first such sites to enter into such an agreement it occupies a small place in the history of archaeological conservation. In 1913, Canon Hardwicke Rawnsley, one of the founders of the National Trust, was among the prime organisers of a public subscription which bought the field in which the stone circle stands, which he then donated to the National Trust. Responsibility for the stone circle remains with English Heritage, the successor body to the Ministry of Works, whilst ownership of the site is retained by the National Trust.</p><br>
<p>The Cathedral of Saint Vibiana, often called St. Vibiana&#39;s, is a former cathedral church building and parish of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles. Located in Downtown Los Angeles, the building opened in 1876 as the cathedral for what was then known as the Diocese of Monterey-Los Angeles, and remained the official cathedral of the Los Angeles see for over 100 years.</p><br>
<p>The cathedral was heavily damaged during the 1994 Northridge earthquake and became the subject of a lengthy legal battle between the archdiocese, which wanted to demolish the building and build a new cathedral on the site, and preservationists, who wanted the building to remain standing due to its historical significance. In 1996, the parties involved reached a compromise in which the archdiocese would purchase a nearby site on which to build a new cathedral, and in turn would turn over the St. Vibiana site to the City of Los Angeles. The Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels was dedicated in 2002 as the successor to St. Vibiana&#39;s Cathedral.</p><br>
<p>In the late 2000s, the former cathedral building became an event venue called Vibiana. The Little Tokyo branch of the Los Angeles Public Library is also located on the site. The 1885 cathedral structure is one of the last remaining buildings from the early period of Los Angeles history.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Plans for a cathedral dated back to 1859, and land for the facility was donated by Amiel Cavalier. The complex, on the southeast corner of Main and Second streets in downtown Los Angeles, was dedicated in 1876 and cost $80,000 USD to build. The Cathedrals architects, Kysor & Mathews, also designed the landmark Pico House. The Baroque-inspired Italianate structure was a landmark in the early days of Los Angeles. When first opened, it held one-tenth of the young towns population. The interior was remodeled around 1895, using onyx and marble; the exterior facade was changed in 1922–24 to give it its present look, said to be based on a Roman design.</p><br>
<p>Pope Pius IX chose the Cathedral&#39;s name, choosing third-century Roman martyr Saint Vibiana. Cathedrals traditionally contained the relics of a saint, so the remains of St. Vibiana were removed from the Catacombs of Rome and moved to a gilt and plate glass sarcophagus located in a niche above the high altar.</p><br>
<p>During the 1940s, a rectory and school building were added. The school closed in 1969 because the parish could not afford it. It became a convent for the Disciples of the Divine Master.</p><br>
<p>The facility was outgrown by the regions rapidly expanding population, and the Archdiocese decided that it needed a larger main facility; however, preservationists pressured them not to destroy the historic landmark. The situation was complicated further when the 1994 Northridge earthquake caused extensive damage to the cathedral and its 1,200-seat sanctuary. Deciding that the damage was not worth repairing in such a small structure, the Archdiocese began demolition on the site in 1996, without permits. However, the sudden dismantling of the bell tower on a Saturday morning prompted a frantic save-the-cathedral campaign, and work by the Archdiocese was halted by preservationists who had a temporary restraining order placed on demolition. The Archdiocese argued that it had the right to level its own facility; preservationists and the city wanted the church to be preserved. The structure was listed on the countrys "11 Most Endangered Places" by the National Trust for Historic Preservation. A state Court of Appeal rejected the archdiocese&#39;s argument to be allowed to quickly demolish the cathedral; then-City Councilwoman Rita Walters had moved to strip the cathedral of its historic monument status, an action that would exempt the archdiocese from having to prepare the full environmental impact study normally required for destruction of a city landmark.</p><br>
<p>Finally a compromise was reached: the City of Los Angeles agreed to swap land with the Archdiocese, giving the Church a much larger plot next to the 101 Freeway. The Archdiocese agreed and the land was developed into the new Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels, constructed and consecrated as the new mother church cathedral parish of the Archdiocese. Some items from St. Vibianas Cathedral were used in the new Cathedral. The stained glass and sarcophagus were placed in the new Cathedrals crypt mausoleum. Pipes from the 1980 Austin pipe organ have been incorporated into the organ at the new Cathedral. An oratorio about Saint Vibiana was written by Peter Boyd and performed in Pacoima in 1997.</p><br>
<p>The cathedral site was taken over by the city. The city sold the former cathedral building to downtown developer Tom Gilmore in 1999 for $4.6 million. The non-historic 1940s Education Building was demolished, making way for the new Little Tokyo Branch of the Los Angeles Public Library. The building celebrated the end of its renovation with a gala on November 12, 2005, though plans for its use were still undecided. In August 2007, the 3,500-pound cupola was returned to the top of the 83 ft-tall bell tower.</p><br>
<p>The former cathedral was later renamed Vibiana and converted to an event space, including for post-Emmy Award parties in 2009 and 2010, Art of Elysiums annual charity gala, Warner Music Groups post-Grammy Awards party, and the Alfred E. Mann Foundation Gala.</p><br>
<p>In 2016, the venue hosted 4 episodes of the final season of American Idol.</p><br>
<p>Rock Creek Cemetery is an 86 acre cemetery with a natural and rolling landscape located at Rock Creek Church Road, NW, and Webster Street, NW, off Hawaii Avenue, NE, in the Petworth neighborhood of Washington, D.C., United States. It is across the street from the historic Soldiers Home and the Soldiers Home Cemetery. It also is home to the InterFaith Conference of Metropolitan Washington. On August 12, 1977, Rock Creek Cemetery and the adjacent church grounds were listed on the National Register of Historic Places as, Rock Creek Church Yard and Cemetery.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The cemetery was first established in 1719, under the British colony of the Province of Maryland, as a churchyard within the glebe of St. Paul&#39;s Episcopal Church, Rock Creek Parish. Later, the Vestry decided to expand the burial ground as a public cemetery to serve the city of Washington, D.C., which had acquired the cemetery, within its district boundaries as established in 1791, formerly, being a part of the state of Maryland, and formally established through an Act of Congress in 1840.</p><br>
<p>An expanded cemetery was landscaped in the rural garden style, to function as both a cemetery and a public park. It is a ministry of St. Pauls Episcopal Church, Rock Creek Parish, with sections for St. Johns Russian Orthodox Church and St. Nicholas Orthodox Cathedral.</p><br>
<p>The park-like setting of Rock Creek Cemetery has many notable mausoleums, sculptures, and tombstones. The best known is the Adams Memorial, a contemplative, androgynous bronze sculpture seated before a block of granite that was created by Augustus Saint-Gaudens and Stanford White. It marks the graves of Marian Hooper Clover Adams and her husband, Henry Adams, and sometimes, mistakenly, the sculpture is referred to as Grief. Saint-Gaudens entitled it The Mystery of the Hereafter and The Peace of God that Passeth Understanding.</p><br>
<p>Other notable memorials include the Frederick Keep Monument, the Heurich Mausoleum, the Hitt Monument, the Hardon Monument, the Kauffman Monument that is known as The Seven Ages of Memory, the Sherwood Mausoleum Door, and the Thompson-Harding Monument.</p><br>
<h2>Sculptors of works in the cemetery</h2><br>
<p>Gutzon Borglum, Rabboni-Ffoulke Memorial, 1909</p><br>
<p>James Earle Fraser, Frederick Keep Monument, 1920</p><br>
<p>Laura Gardin Fraser, Hitt Memorial, 1931</p><br>
<p>William Ordway Partridge, Kauffmann Memorial, also known as Seven Ages or Memory, 1897</p><br>
<p>Brenda Putnam, Simon Memorial, 1917</p><br>
<p>Vinnie Ream, Edwin B. Hay Monument, 1906</p><br>
<p>Augustus Saint-Gaudens, Adams Memorial, 1890</p><br>
<p>Mary Washburn, Waite Memorial, 1908</p><br>
<p>Adolph Alexander Weinman, Spencer Memorial, after 1919</p><br>
<p>Numerous fine works by unknown sculptors also exist in the cemetery.</p><br>
<h2>Interments</h2><br>
<h3>A</h3><br>
<p>Cleveland Abbe (1838&ndash;1916), prominent American meteorologist (section M)</p><br>
<p>John James Abert (1788&ndash;1863), Chief of the Corps of Topographical Engineers</p><br>
<p>Henry Adams (1838&ndash;1918), American writer, descendant of two USA presidents; grave is marked by the Adams Memorial (section E)</p><br>
<p>Clover Hooper Adams (1843&ndash;1885), Washington hostess and accomplished amateur photographer, wife of Henry Adams; grave is marked by the Adams Memorial (section E)</p><br>
<p>Alice Warfield Allen (1869&ndash;1929), mother of the Duchess of Windsor, Wallis Simpson (section G)</p><br>
<p>Doug Allison (1846&ndash;1916), American baseball player</p><br>
<p>Frank Crawford Armstrong (1835&ndash;1909), Confederate general</p><br>
<p>Timothy P. Andrews (1794&ndash;1868), Union Army general and paymaster-general of the United States Army (1862-1864)</p><br>
<p>James B. Aswell (1869&ndash;1931), American educator and member of the House of Representatives from 1913 to 1931</p><br>
<h3>B</h3><br>
<p>Abraham Baldwin (1754&ndash;1807), Yale graduate, USA Senator, attorney, signer of the USA Constitution, first president of the University of Georgia (section E)</p><br>
<p>Cecil A. Beasley, Alabama State Senator.</p><br>
<p>Melville Bell (1819&ndash;1905), Scottish teacher and inventor, father of Alexander Graham Bell, Hubbard Bell Grossman Pillot Memorial (section A)</p><br>
<p>Andrew H. Berding, journalist and former Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs</p><br>
<p>Emile Berliner (1851&ndash;1929), German-born American inventor of the gramophone (section M)</p><br>
<p>Montgomery Blair (1813&ndash;1883), Lincoln&#39;s Postmaster General (section A)</p><br>
<p>Robert C. Buchanan (1811&ndash;1878), American military general during the American Civil War and the Mexican War</p><br>
<h3>C</h3><br>
<p>Edward Clark (1822&ndash;1902), Architect of the Capitol</p><br>
<p>Catherine Cate Coblentz (1897&ndash;1951), writer, wife of William Coblentz (section O)</p><br>
<p>William Coblentz (1873&ndash;1962), American physicist, notable for pioneer contributions to infrared radiometry and spectroscopy (section O)</p><br>
<h3>D</h3><br>
<p>S. Wallace Dempsey (1862&ndash;1949), American Republican politician</p><br>
<p>Hubert Dilger (1836&ndash;1911), American Civil War artillerist, captain in the Union Army, Medal of Honor recipient</p><br>
<p>Gerald A. Drew (1903&ndash;1970) United States Ambassador to Haiti and Bolivia</p><br>
<h3>E</h3><br>
<p>Susan Ann Edson (1823&ndash;1897), personal physician to President James A. Garfield</p><br>
<p>Matthew Gault Emery (1818&ndash;1901), mayor of Washington, D.C., from 1870 to 1871</p><br>
<h3>F</h3><br>
<p>Charles S. Fairfax (1829&ndash;1869), Virginia-born California politician who was entitled to the British title 10th Lord Fairfax of Cameron</p><br>
<p>Stephen Johnson Field (1816&ndash;1899), American associate justice of Supreme Court (section A)</p><br>
<p>Peter Force (1790&ndash;1868), American politician, American lieutenant in the War of 1812, newspaper editor, archivist, and historian, who served as the twelfth mayor of Washington, D.C., and whose library of historical documents became the first major Americana collection of the Library of Congress (section B)</p><br>
<p>Israel Moore Foster (1873&ndash;1950), American Republican Representative in Congress</p><br>
<p>William H. French (1815&ndash;1881), American military major general during the American Civil War and the Mexican War (section B)</p><br>
<h3>G</h3><br>
<p>Julius Garfinckel (1872&ndash;1936), American merchant, founder of Washington department store, Garfinckel&#39;s</p><br>
<p>Harry Post Godwin (1857-1900) Chief Editor of the National Republican, Washington Star</p><br>
<p>Gilbert Hovey Grosvenor (1875&ndash;1966), president of the National Geographic Society, Hubbard Bell Grossman Pillot Memorial (section A)</p><br>
<h3>H</h3><br>
<p>John Marshall Harlan (1833&ndash;1911), American Supreme Court associate justice, known as the "Great Dissenter;" he wrote the lone dissenting opinion in Plessy v. Ferguson (section R-11)</p><br>
<p>Patricia Roberts Harris (1924&ndash;1985), Ambassador, first African-American woman to serve in a presidential cabinet (section 20)</p><br>
<p>George L. Harrison (1887&ndash;1958), American banker, insurance executive, and political advisor during The Second World War</p><br>
<p>Frank Hatton (1846&ndash;1894), USA Postmaster General and editor of the Washington Post (section B)</p><br>
<p>Christian Heurich (1842&ndash;1945), German-born American founder of Heurich Brewery (1871&ndash;1954)</p><br>
<p>Samuel Billingsley Hill (1875&ndash;1958), USA Representative from Washington and member of the United States Board of Tax Appeals (now the United States Tax Court)</p><br>
<p>William Henry Holmes (1846&ndash;1933), known for scientific illustration of the American West, his role in controversy over the antiquity of humans in the Americas, and leadership at the Smithsonian Institution (section M)</p><br>
<h3>I</h3><br>
<h3>J</h3><br>
<p>Charles Francis Jenkins (1867&ndash;1934), American television and motion picture pioneer (section 10)</p><br>
<p>Nelson T. Johnson (1887&ndash;1954), American ambassador</p><br>
<p>James Kimbrough Jones (1839&ndash;1908), American politician</p><br>
<p>John Johnson (1842&ndash;1907), Medal of Honor recipient</p><br>
<p>Opha May Johnson (1879 - 1955), 1st known female USA Marine (1918)</p><br>
<h3>K</h3><br>
<p>Samuel H. Kauffmann (1829–1906) newspaper publisher</p><br>
<p>Oliver Hudson Kelley (1826–1913), a founder of the Order of the Patrons of Husbandry (The Grange) (section I)</p><br>
<p>Sergei Kourdakov (1951–1973), a former KGB agent and defector from the Soviet Union to Canada</p><br>
<h3>L</h3><br>
<p>Jane Lawton (1944&ndash;2007), Maryland Democratic politician, member of the Maryland House of Delegates</p><br>
<p>Blair Lee, III (1916&ndash;1985), American Democratic politician</p><br>
<p>George E. Lemon (?&ndash;1896), Patent lawyer and founder the journal National Tribune</p><br>
<p>Walter Lenox (1817&ndash;1874), mayor of Washington from 1850 to 1852</p><br>
<p>John Lenthall (1807-1882), American naval architect and shipbuilder, Chief Constructor of the Navy from 1849 to 1853 and chief of the United States Navys Bureau of Construction and Repair from 1853 to 1871</p><br>
<p>Fulton Lewis (1903&ndash;1966), American radio and television broadcaster</p><br>
<p>Alice Roosevelt Longworth (1884&ndash;1980), Republican Party icon, daughter of Theodore Roosevelt (section F)</p><br>
<p>Anthony Francis Lucas (1855&ndash;1921), Croatian-born mechanical engineer</p><br>
<h3>M</h3><br>
<p>Anna Broom McCeney (1850–1903), Mother of vaudeville performer La Belle Titcomb (Heloise McCeney)</p><br>
<p>Hugh McCulloch (1808-1895), Secretary of the Treasury (section B)</p><br>
<p>George McGovern (1922-2012), Democratic presidential nominee in 1972 and senator from South Dakota (section O)</p><br>
<p>Dempster McIntosh (1896–1984), American ambassador</p><br>
<p>Evalyn Walsh McLean (1886–1947), wealthy heiress, one-time owner of the Hope Diamond and the Washington Post (section L)</p><br>
<p>Washington McLean (1816–1890), businessman, owner of the Cincinnati Enquirer newspaper</p><br>
<p>John Gordon Mein (1913-1968), American ambassador</p><br>
<p>Mihran Mesrobian (1889-1975), Armenian-American architect</p><br>
<h3>N</h3><br>
<h3>O</h3><br>
<h3>P</h3><br>
<p>Thomas Nelson Page (1853-1922), First Families of Virginia descendant, attorney, ambassador to Italy, and Southern writer (section L)</p><br>
<p>William Paret (1826&ndash;1911), sixth Episcopalian Bishop of Maryland</p><br>
<p>Rosalie Mackenzie Poe (1810&ndash;1874), sister of Edgar Allan Poe (section D)</p><br>
<p>Terence Powderly (1849&ndash;1924), longtime leader of the Knights of Labor (section I)</p><br>
<p>Robert Prosky (1930&ndash;2008), Polish-American actor (section M)</p><br>
<h3>Q</h3><br>
<h3>R</h3><br>
<p>John B. Raymond (1844&ndash;1886), American politician</p><br>
<p>Isidor Rayner (1850&ndash;1912), American Democratic politician, member of the Senate</p><br>
<p>George Washington Riggs (1813&ndash;1881), American banker, founder of Riggs Bank (section D)</p><br>
<p>William A. Rodenberg (1865&ndash;1937), American politician</p><br>
<p>Frederick Rodgers (1842&ndash;1917), United States Navy rear admiral</p><br>
<p>Tim Russert (1950&ndash;2008), American journalist, host of Meet the Press (section C)</p><br>
<h3>S</h3><br>
<p>Alexander Robey Shepherd (1835&ndash;1902), American politician, governor of District of Columbia from 1873 to 1874</p><br>
<p>Thetus W. Sims (1852&ndash;1939), American politician and a member of the United States House of Representatives for the eighth congressional district of Tennessee from 1897 to 1921</p><br>
<p>Upton Sinclair (1878&ndash;1968), American author, Pulitzer Prize winner (section 17)</p><br>
<p>Ainsworth Rand Spofford (1825&ndash;1908), American journalist and publisher, sixth Librarian of the United States Congress from 1864 to 1897 (section E)</p><br>
<p>Harlan Fiske Stone (1872&ndash;1946), Chief Justice of the United States (section A)</p><br>
<p>Paulina Longworth Sturm (1925&ndash;1957), daughter of Alice Roosevelt and granddaughter of Theodore Roosevelt</p><br>
<h3>T</h3><br>
<p>Abner Taylor (1829&ndash;1903), American politician</p><br>
<p>George Taylor (1820&ndash;1894), American attorney and Democratic politician</p><br>
<p>Thomas Weston Tipton (1817&ndash;1899), USA Senator from Nebraska</p><br>
<p>Ariadna Tyrkova-Williams (1869–1962), Russian-American writer and journalist</p><br>
<h3>U</h3><br>
<h3>V</h3><br>
<p>Tran Van Chuong (1898&ndash;1986), South Vietnam&#39;s Ambassador to the USA, appointed by Ngo Dinh Diem</p><br>
<p>Willis Van Devanter (1859&ndash;1941), Associate Justice of the USA Supreme Court (section R-11)</p><br>
<p>Gore Vidal (1925&ndash;2012), author and playwright, next to his best friend and companion of 50 years Howard Austen. (section E)</p><br>
<h3>W</h3><br>
<p>Charles Doolittle Walcott (1850&ndash;1927), Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution (section L)</p><br>
<p>Paul Warnke (1920&ndash;2001), American Diplomat, Assistant Secretary of State from 1966–1969; SALT Negotiator and Director of the Arms Control and disarmament Agency under President Clinton</p><br>
<p>Sumner Welles (1892&ndash;1961), American diplomat, Under Secretary of State from 1937 to 1943 (section 8)</p><br>
<p>Burton K. Wheeler (1882&ndash;1975), American Democratic politician and USA Senator (section 30)</p><br>
<p>James Alexander Williamson (1829&ndash;1902), Union Army general during the American Civil War, Medal of Honor recipient</p><br>
<p>Richard L. Wilson (1905&ndash;1981), American journalist</p><br>
<p>William Windom (1827&ndash;1891), USA Congressman, Senator, Secretary of the Treasury (under Garfield & Harrison) (section B)</p><br>
<p>Otis Wingo (1877&ndash;1930), USA representative from Arkansas&#39;s 4th congressional district, 1913-1930</p><br>
<h3>Y</h3><br>
<p>Helen Yakobson, (1913-2002) academic and professor at George Washington University</p><br>
<h3>Z</h3><br>
<p>The Island Park Caldera, in the USA states of Idaho and Wyoming, is one of the worlds largest calderas, with approximate dimensions of 80 by 65 km. Its ashfall is the source of the Huckleberry Ridge Tuff that is found from southern California to the Mississippi River near St. Louis. This super-eruption of approximately 2,500 km3 occurred 2.1 Ma  and produced 2,500 times as much ash as the 1980 Mount St. Helens eruption. Island Park Caldera has the smaller and younger Henrys Fork Caldera nested inside it.</p><br>
<p>The caldera clearly visible today is the later Henry&#39;s Fork Caldera, which is the source of the Mesa Falls Tuff. It was formed 1.3 Ma in an eruption of more than 280 km3. The two nested calderas share the same rim on their western sides, but the older Island Park Caldera is much larger and more oval and extends well into Yellowstone National Park. The Island Park Caldera is sometimes referred to as the First Phase Yellowstone Caldera or the Huckleberry Ridge Caldera.</p><br>
<p>To the southwest of the caldera lies the Snake River Plain, which was formed by a succession of older calderas marking the path of the Yellowstone hotspot. The plain is a depression, sinking under the weight of the volcanic rocks that formed it, through which the Snake River winds. Other observable volcanic features in the plain include: the Menan Buttes, the Big Southern Butte, Craters of the Moon, the Wapi Lava Field and Hell&#39;s Half Acre.</p><br>
<p>These calderas are in an area called Island Park that is known for beautiful forests, large springs, clear streams, waterfalls, lakes, ponds, marshes, wildlife, and fishing. Harriman State Park is located in the caldera. Snowmobiling, fishing, and Nordic skiing, and wildlife viewing are popular activities in the area. The peaks of the Teton Range to the southeast are visible from places in the caldera.</p><br>
<p>Rosehill Cemetery  is an American Victorian-era cemetery on the North Side of Chicago, Illinois, and at 350 acre, is the largest cemetery in the City of Chicago. The name "Rosehill" resulted from a City Clerks error – the area was previously called "Roes Hill", named for nearby farmer Hiram Roe. He refused to sell his land to the city until it was promised that the cemetery be named in his honor. It is located in the north east section of the Lincoln Square community area.</p><br>
<p>Rosehill&#39;s Joliet-limestone entrance gate was designed by William W. Boyington, the architect of the Chicago Water Tower and the Old University of Chicago, who is buried in Rosehill. The Rosehill Cemetery Administration Building and Entry Gate was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<p>Like its sister cemetery Graceland, Rosehill is the burial place of many well-known Chicagoans. The cemetery contains many monuments that are notable for their beauty and eccentricity, such as that of Lulu Fellows.</p><br>
<p>Several graves from the old City Cemetery, originally located in what is now Lincoln Park were relocated to Rosehill. Some of the gravestones and monuments were also moved to Rosehill Cemetery and can be seen.</p><br>
<h2>Rosehill Mausoleum</h2><br>
<p>Dedicated in 1914, Rosehill Mausoleum was designed by architect Sidney Lovell. It is the largest mausoleum in Chicago and has two levels, the lower level being partially underground. The interior is constructed almost entirely of marble. The floors are Italian Carrara marble. There are many small family-owned rooms with heavy bronze gates. Some of these private rooms feature stained glass windows by Louis Comfort Tiffany among other artists. Richard B. Ogilvie, Governor of Illinois, is entombed near the ceiling in the west part of the Mausoleum. Other notables include Aaron Montgomery Ward and his business rival Richard Warren Sears.</p><br>
<h2>Civil War Memorials</h2><br>
<p>Civil War buffs have long been attracted to Rosehill, where approximately 350 Union soldiers and sailors and at least three Confederates who gave their lives in service are entombed. It is the final resting place for several members of the 8th Illinois Cavalry, the unit that fired the first shots in the Battle of Gettysburg, and of a general whose troops helped Ulysses S. Grant avoid surrender in the Battle of Shiloh, Grant&#39;s first major engagement of the war. Rosehill Cemetery maintains the distinction of being the largest private burial ground of Union veterans, including 16 generals, in the state of Illinois. To honor those who fought for country and cause, Rosehill officially opened its own on January 15, 1995.</p><br>
<h2>Chicago Volunteer Firefighter's Memorial</h2><br>
<p>A monument "To Honor All the Courageous Volunteer Firefighters of Chicago" was erected in Rosehill Cemetery in 1864. The monument, designed by Leonard Volk, features a vigilant fireman standing atop a tall column. A fire hose is wrapped around the base. Four old-style hydrants make up the corners of the memorial. The granite marker at the base contains the names of all firefighters killed in the line of duty.</p><br>
<h2>In film</h2><br>
<p>Rosehill was featured in the film Next of Kin (1989). The funeral scene in Backdraft (1991) takes place at the Volunteer Firefighter&#39;s Monument at Rosehill, but was actually filmed elsewhere using a replica of this monument. Lulu Fellowes (the girl in the glass box) also appeared in the film USA Marshals (1998).</p><br>
<h2>Fireside Restaurant & Lounge</h2><br>
<p>The roadhouse now known as the has stood across from historic Rosehill Cemetery for more than a century. It is one of the oldest continuously operating taverns in Chicago. The original tavern once served traveling farmers and mourners alike, even offering accommodations.</p><br>
<h2>West Ridge Nature Preserve</h2><br>
<p>In 2015, the Chicago Park District Park No. 568 - West Ridge Nature Preserve was established along the north western edge of Rosehill Cemetery. The park land, which was once part of the cemetery, features 20.585 acres of restored woodland, native plants, boardwalks, a 4.5 acre pond, a multipurpose trail around the park with elevated overlooks, educational and interpretive signage for easy identification of plantings, fishing stations and wildlife viewing opportunities.</p><br>
<h2>Notable burials</h2><br>
<p>James Aldrich, USA Congressman, Illinois 1st Congressional District (1893–1897)</p><br>
<p>William Aldrich, USA Congressman, Illinois 1st Congressional District (1877–1883)</p><br>
<p>George Bell, Jr., United States Army Major General who commanded the 33rd Infantry Division in World War I</p><br>
<p>John Lourie Beveridge, Illinois Governor (1873–1877)</p><br>
<p>Lester L. Bond, Chicago Mayor (August–December 1873)</p><br>
<p>Levi Boone, Chicago Mayor (1855–1856), anti-immigrant American Party (a.k.a. The Know-Nothing Party)</p><br>
<p>William W. Boyington, architect, Chicago Water Tower, entrance gate of Rosehill Cemetery</p><br>
<p>Jack Brickhouse, Hall of Fame sports broadcaster</p><br>
<p>Austin Brooks, Editor, Quincy Herald (1853-1867)</p><br>
<p>Avery Brundage, athlete, construction, president USA and International Olympic Committees (USOC and IOC)</p><br>
<p>Henry Buker, baseball shortstop. right fielder 1884 Detroit Wolverines</p><br>
<p>Leo Burnett, advertising executive, founded Leo Burnett Worldwide</p><br>
<p>Edward Dean Cooke, USA Congressman, Illinois 6th Congressional District (1895–1897)</p><br>
<p>Joseph Cummings, president Wesleyan University (1857–1875), president Northwestern University (1881–1890)</p><br>
<p>Albert Blake Dick, founder A.B. Dick Company, coined the word "mimeograph"</p><br>
<p>Jim Dooley, Chicago Bears football player, coach</p><br>
<p>Harvey Doolittle Colvin, Chicago Mayor (1873–1875)</p><br>
<p>Dewitt Clinton Cregier, Chicago Mayor (1889–1891)</p><br>
<p>George R. Davis, USA Congressman, Illinois (1879–1885), Director General, World&#39;s Columbian Exposition</p><br>
<p>Charles G. Dawes, 30th Vice President of the United States</p><br>
<p>Martin Emerich, Maryland House of Delegates, USA Congressman, Illinois 1st Congressional District (1903–1905)</p><br>
<p>Charles Benjamin Farwell, USA Congressman, USA Senator from Illinois</p><br>
<p>Milton S. Florsheim, founder Florsheim Shoe Company</p><br>
<p>Mimi Forsythe, actress "Three Russian Girls", "The Bridge Of San Luis Rey"</p><br>
<p>Bobby Franks, murder victim of Leopold and Loeb</p><br>
<p>Lyman J. Gage, USA Secretary of the Treasury (1897–1902), banker, president of the World&#39;s Columbian Exposition</p><br>
<p>Augustus Garrett, Chicago Mayor (1843–1844, 1845–1846)</p><br>
<p>Samuel Robert Gibson, folk singer "Gibson and Camp at the Gate of Horn"</p><br>
<p>Solomon Harry Goldberg, founder Hump Hairpin Manufacturing Company, patented hairpin made with ridges</p><br>
<p>Harry Grabiner, Major League Baseball executive, first general manager of Chicago White Sox</p><br>
<p>Elisha Gray, inventor, founder Western Electric</p><br>
<p>Dwight H. Green, Governor of Illinois (1941–1949)</p><br>
<p>Charles Frederick Gunther confectionery manufacturing magnate, created Cracker Jacks</p><br>
<p>John Charles Haines, Chicago Mayor (1858–1860)</p><br>
<p>Winifred M. Hausam, one of the most creative educators in Southern California and credited with organizing many vocational and counseling bureaus</p><br>
<p>John D. Hertz, founder Yellow Cab, Hertz Rent-A-CarNow at Woodlawn Cemetery, The Bronx, NY</p><br>
<p>Otis Hinckley, co-founder Hinckley & Schmitt</p><br>
<p>Ida Sophia Hippach, R.M.S. Titanic survivor</p><br>
<p>Jerome Holtzman, Baseball Hall of Fame sportswriter, known as "The Dean" of baseball press boxes</p><br>
<p>Nat Hudson, Major League Baseball pitcher (1886–1889) for the St. Louis Browns.</p><br>
<p>Charles J. Hull, real estate magnate, Hull House owner</p><br>
<p>Edgar Allan Jonas, USA Congressman Illinois 12th Congressional District (1949–1955)</p><br>
<p>Edward Jump, artist, cartoonist</p><br>
<p>Andrew Thomas Kearney, founder of management consulting firm A.T. Kearney</p><br>
<p>John H. Kedzie, lawyer, real-estate developer, politician (namesake: Kedzie Avenue, Chicago&#39;s West Side, Kedzie Street, Evanston)</p><br>
<p>Harry Stephen Keeler, pulp mystery writer, "The Case Of The Barking Clock, "The Man With The Magic Eardrums"</p><br>
<p>James Scott Kemper, founder Lumberman&#39;s Mutual Casualty Company, predecessor of Kemper Corporation</p><br>
<p>Edward N. Kirk, brigadier general Union Army, American Civil War</p><br>
<p>Philip Knopf, USA Congressman Illinois 7th Congressional District (1903–1909)</p><br>
<p>Leonidas Lee, Major League Baseball player, 1877</p><br>
<p>Benjamin F. Lindheimer, Chicago horse racing and football executive</p><br>
<p>Sidney Lovell, architect Rosehill Mausoleum</p><br>
<p>Alexander Loyd, Chicago Mayor (1840–1841)</p><br>
<p>Benjamin Drake Magruder, Illinois Supreme Court Justice</p><br>
<p>George W. Maher, architect, Prairie School-style</p><br>
<p>Robert Marsh, victim in the Herrin Massacre (unmarked grave)</p><br>
<p>Roswell B. Mason, Chicago Mayor (1869–1871), mayor during Great Chicago Fire</p><br>
<p>Victor Andre Matteson, architect Cardinal Hill Reservoir</p><br>
<p>Oscar F. Mayer, business magnate, founder Oscar Mayer Company</p><br>
<p>John McArthur Union general, American Civil War</p><br>
<p>Edward McWade, actor "Arsenic and Old Lace", "Yankee Doodle Dandy", "Mr. and Mrs. North"</p><br>
<p>Margaret McWade, actress "Pixilated Sisters", "Mr. Deeds Goes to Town"</p><br>
<p>Robert McWade, theater, film actor "Grand Hotel", "The Lemon Drop Kid"</p><br>
<p>Darius Miller, railroad president</p><br>
<p>Isaac Lawrence Milliken, Chicago Mayor (1854–1855)</p><br>
<p>Buckner Stith Morris, Chicago Mayor (1838–1839)</p><br>
<p>Richard B. Ogilvie, Governor of Illinois (1969–1973)</p><br>
<p>Martha O&#39;Driscoll, actress "Li’l Abner", "Ghost Catchers", "House of Dracula", "The Daltons Ride Again", "Under Western Skies"</p><br>
<p>George Arthur Paddock, USA Congressman Illinois 10th District (1941–1943)</p><br>
<p>Legrand Winfield Perce, USA Congressman (1870–1873)</p><br>
<p>Eliza Emily Chappell Porter, first school teacher in Chicago (1835), established schools for African American children in the south</p><br>
<p>Thomas E. G. Ransom, brevet major general in the US Civil War, division commander in the Thirteenth, Sixteenth and Seventeenth Corps, died 1864</p><br>
<p>Henry Riggs Rathbone, USA Congressman, Illinois Congressman At-Large (1923–1928)</p><br>
<p>Ira G. Rawn, railroad president</p><br>
<p>John Blake Rice, Chicago Mayor (1865–1869)</p><br>
<p>Bruce Roberts, television pioneer, longtime WBBM-TV weekend sportscaster</p><br>
<p>John A. Roche, Chicago Mayor (1887–1889)</p><br>
<p>Julius Rosenwald, merchant, early partner with Sears, founded the Museum of Science and Industry in Jackson Park.</p><br>
<p>Morris Sachs, entrepreneur, Morris B. Sachs Amateur Hour radio program</p><br>
<p>George Joseph Schmitt, co-founder of Hinckley & Schmitt bottled water</p><br>
<p>Reinhart Schwimmer, gangster, St. Valentine&#39;s Day Massacre victim</p><br>
<p>Ignaz Schwinn, founder Schwinn Bicycle Company</p><br>
<p>Richard Warren Sears, founder Sears Roebuck and Company</p><br>
<p>John G. Shedd, philanthropist, founder Shedd Aquarium</p><br>
<p>Milton Sills, actor "The Heart Bandit", "The Hawk&#39;s Nest", "The Sea Wolf"</p><br>
<p>Byron Laflin Smith, founder Northern Trust Company</p><br>
<p>William Grant Stratton, Illinois Governor (1953–1961)</p><br>
<p>George Bell Swift, Chicago Mayor (1893, 1895–97)</p><br>
<p>Edmund Dick Taylor, "Father of the Greenback"</p><br>
<p>Charles Marsh Thomson, USA Congressman Illinois 10th District (1913–1915)</p><br>
<p>Narcissa Niblack Thorne, designer Thorne Miniature Rooms, Art Institute of Chicago</p><br>
<p>Burr Tillstrom, puppeteer, creator Kukla, Fran and Ollie</p><br>
<p>Belle Kellogg Towne, hymn composer, author and editor of the David C. Cook Publishing Company, buried with her husband, T. Martin Towne, of Chicago, Illinois, a well-known musical composer.</p><br>
<p>Daniel Brink Towner, hymn composer "Trust and Obey", "Grace Greater than our Sin", "Saved by the Blood of the Crucified One"</p><br>
<p>Robert Twyman, USA Congressman Illinois 9th District (1947–1949)</p><br>
<p>Leonard W. Volk, sculptor, notable for making one of only two life masks of USA President Abraham Lincoln</p><br>
<p>E. S. Wadsworth, co-founder Wadsworth, Dyer & Chapin, namesake Wadsworth, Illinois</p><br>
<p>Martin R. M. Wallace, Union brevet brigadier general, American Civil War</p><br>
<p>Aaron Montgomery Ward, founder Montgomery Ward and Company, world&#39;s first mail order bus</p><br>
<p>John Wentworth (nicknamed "Long John"), USA Congressman, mayor of Chicago, tallest obelisk in the cemetery</p><br>
<p>George Elon White, USA Congressman Illinois&#39;s 5th District (1895–1899)</p><br>
<p>Julius White brigadier general Union Army, American Civil War</p><br>
<p>Frances Willard, temperance leader, suffragist, President Women&#39;s Christian Temperance Union</p><br>
<p>Ned Williamson, Major League Baseball player, 1878–1890</p><br>
<p>Henry Haven Windsor, founder, publisher Popular Mechanics magazine</p><br>
<p>Charles Walhart Woodman, USA Congressman Illinois 4th District (1895–1897)</p><br>
<p>Arnold zu Windisch-Graetz, pastor Concordia Lutheran Church of Chicago, prince Royal House of Windisch-Graetz</p><br>
<p>Kalavryta  is a town and a municipality in the mountainous east-central part of the regional unit of Achaea, Greece. The town is located on the right bank of the river Vouraikos, 24 km south of Aigio, 40 km southeast of Patras and 62 km northwest of Tripoli. Notable mountains in the municipality are Mount Erymanthos in the west and Aroania or Chelmos in the southeast. Kalavryta is the southern terminus of the Diakopto-Kalavryta rack railway, built by Italian engineers between 1885 and 1895.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Kalavryta is built near the ancient city of Cynaetha.</p><br>
<p>During the late Middle Ages, the town was the centre of the Barony of Kalavryta within the Frankish Principality of Achaea, until it was reconquered by the Byzantines in the 1270s. After that it remained under Byzantine control until the fall of the Despotate of the Morea to the Ottoman Turks in 1460. With the exception of a 30-year interlude of Venetian control, the town remained under Turkish rule until the outbreak of the Greek War of Independence in 1821, in whose early stages Kalavryta figures prominently: it was here that on 21 March 1821 the flag of the revolt was raised at the monastery of Agia Lavra by bishop Germanos III of Old Patras.</p><br>
<p>At the end of 1943, near Kalavryta, 81 German soldiers, led by Hauptmann Johannes Schober, were captured by Greek Partisans.</p><br>
<p>Four Germans were killed on the spot.Three were taken to hospital at Kalavryta but were later shot by the furious partisans.The rest were initially treated as prisoners of war, until most were shot dead and some plunged over the cliff near Mazi from the force of the shots. Two German prisoners survived the execution and raised the alarm on the following day 8 December 1943.</p><br>
<p>On 13 December 1943, in retribution for the killing of the captured German soldiers, what is commemorated as the Massacre of Kalavryta, German troops ordered all male residents of Kalavryta, aged 14 years and up, to gather in a field just outside the village. There, they machine-gunned down 696 of them. Only 13 survived. After that they burnt down the town before they left and the next day they burnt down the Monastery of Agia Lavra, birthplace of the Greek War of Independence. Post-war, the federal Government of Germany offered gestures of atonement in the form of free school books for the high school, scholarships for orphans of the massacre and the building of a retirement home. However, no German commanders, (e.g. Major Ebersberger who carried out the destruction of Kalavryta; Hauptmann Dohnert who led the firing party), were ever brought to justice for their crimes.</p><br>
<h2>Historical population</h2><br>
<h2>Landmarks</h2><br>
<p>In Kastria, in the municipal unit of Kleitoria, there is the famous cave system Spilaio ton Limnon ("Cave of the Lakes") which is filled with beautiful lakes and strange rock formations. Kalavryta has a ski centre which is located east of town, on the slopes of Chelmos. The monastery of Agia Lavra is located on a hill 4 km southwest of Kalavryta. Another famous monastery nearby is Mega Spilaio which is located 8 km northeast.</p><br>
<h2>Administration</h2><br>
<p>The municipality Kalavryta was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following 4 former municipalities, that became municipal units:</p><br>
<p>Aroania</p><br>
<p>Kalavryta</p><br>
<p>Kleitoria</p><br>
<p>Paion</p><br>
<p>The municipality has an area of 1,058.147 km, the municipal unit 531.797 km.</p><br>
<h3>Subdivisions</h3><br>
<p>The municipal unit of Kalavryta is divided into the following communities:</p><br>
<p>Ano Vlasia</p><br>
<p>Ano Lousoi</p><br>
<p>Doumena</p><br>
<p>Drosato</p><br>
<p>Flampoura (Flampoura, Neochori, Ortholithi)</p><br>
<p>Goumenissa</p><br>
<p>Kalavryta (Kalavryta, Avlonas, Vrachni, Krastikoi, Moni Agias Lavras, Souvardo)</p><br>
<p>Kallifoni</p><br>
<p>Kandalos</p><br>
<p>Kato Lousoi (Kato Lousoi, Lousiko)</p><br>
<p>Kato Vlasia (Kato Vlasia, Menychtaiika, Metochi)</p><br>
<p>Kato Zachlorou</p><br>
<p>Kerpini</p><br>
<p>Kertezi</p><br>
<p>Korfes</p><br>
<p>Kouteli</p><br>
<p>Kryoneri</p><br>
<p>Lagovouni</p><br>
<p>Lapanagoi</p><br>
<p>Manesi Kalavryton (Manesi, Boumpoukas)</p><br>
<p>Mikros Pontias (Mikros Pontias, Karousi, Lompokas, Megas Pontias)</p><br>
<p>Petsakoi (Petsakoi, Bosi)</p><br>
<p>Plataniotissa (Plataniotissa, Digela, Spartinou)</p><br>
<p>Priolithos</p><br>
<p>Profitis Ilias (Profitis Ilias, Mouriki)</p><br>
<p>Rogoi</p><br>
<p>Sigouni (Sigouni, Lefki)</p><br>
<p>Skepasto</p><br>
<p>Trechlo (Trechlo, Lapatheia)</p><br>
<p>Valta</p><br>
<p>Vilivina</p><br>
<h3>Province</h3><br>
<p>The province of Kalavryta (Επαρχία Καλαβρύτων) was one of the provinces of Achaea. It had the same territory as the present municipality. It was abolished in 2006.</p><br>
<h2>Notable persons</h2><br>
<p>Asimakis Fotilas (1761–1835) politician and revolutionary leader</p><br>
<p>Magna Carta Island is an island in the River Thames in England, on the reach above Bell Weir Lock. It is in Berkshire across the river from the water-meadows at Runnymede. The island was transferred from Buckinghamshire to Berkshire in 1974.</p><br>
<p>The island is one of several contenders for being the place where, in 1215, King John sealed the Magna Carta. Whilst the charter itself indicates Runnymede by name, it is possible the island may have been considered part of Runnymede at the time.</p><br>
<p>It is known that in 1217 the island was the meeting-place of Henry III and Louis (later Louis VIII) of France.</p><br>
<p>In August 2014, it was reported that the island would be put up for sale by Sotheby&#39;s International Realty.</p><br>
<p>The Lesse is a river in the Ardennes, in the Walloon region of Belgium. It is a right tributary to the river Meuse.</p><br>
<p>The source of the Lesse is near Libramont-Chevigny, in the Belgian province of Luxembourg. The Lesse flows roughly in north-western direction. Near Han-sur-Lesse (municipality of Rochefort) the entire river goes underground, flowing through limestone caves. Many of the caves along the banks of the Lesse are important archaeological sites; these include the Trou de Chaleux (by the Cirque de Chaleux), and the Trou des Nutons and Trou du Frontal at Furfooz. The Lesse flows into the river Meuse in the village of Anseremme, municipality of Dinant. Towns along the Lesse are Daverdisse, Han-sur-Lesse, Houyet and Anseremme.</p><br>
<p></text></p><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p>Serra do Mar  is a 1,500 km long system of mountain ranges and escarpments in Southeastern Brazil.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Serra do Mar runs parallel to the Atlantic Ocean coast from the state of Espírito Santo to southern Santa Catarina, although some literature includes Serra Geral in the Serra do Mar, in which case the range would extend to northeastern Rio Grande do Sul.</p><br>
<p>The main escarpment forms the boundary between the sea-level littoral and the inland plateau (planalto), which has a mean altitude of 500 to 1300 m. This escarpment is part of the Great Escarpment that runs along much of the eastern coast of Brazil south from the city of Salvador, Bahia.</p><br>
<h2>Mountain ranges</h2><br>
<p>The mountain ranges are discontinuous in several places and are given individual names such as Serra de Bocaina, Serra de Paranapiacaba, Serra Negra, Serra dos Órgãos, Serra do Indaiá, etc. The range also extends to some large islands near the coastline, such as Ilhabela and Ilha Anchieta. With an altitude of 2,255 m, Pico da Caledônia in Nova Friburgo is among the highest points in Serra do Mar.</p><br>
<p>Geologically, the range belongs to the massive crystalline rock platform that forms Eastern South America, and tectonically it is very stable. Most of the elevations of Serra do Mar were formed about 60 million years ago.</p><br>
<h2>Natural history</h2><br>
<p>At the time of the European discovery of Brazil (1500), the Serra do Mar supported a rich and highly diversified ecosystem, composed mainly of lush tropical rain forest, called Atlantic Forest (Mata Atlântica). Due to urbanization and deforestation, however, most of the forest cover has been destroyed and what cover remains is almost exclusively on the steep escarpments facing the sea.</p><br>
<p>A chain of national and state parks, ecological stations and biological reserves now protect the Mata Atlântica and its biological heritage, but acid rain, pollution, poachers, clandestine loggers, forest fires and encroachment by urban areas and farms are still causing active destruction, particularly in the areas around cities. Several large metropolises, such as Vale do Itajaí, Curitiba, São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, are near the Serra do Mar.</p><br>
<p>Reforestation and recuperation of biological diversity are notoriously difficult to bring about in destroyed rain forest habitats.</p><br>
<p>Lake Bomoseen is a freshwater lake in the western part of the USA state of Vermont in the towns of Castleton and Hubbardton in Rutland County. It is the largest lake that lies entirely within the state&#39;s boundaries, with a surface area of approximately 9.6 km&sup2;. The lake was formed by glaciation and has an average and maximum depth of 8.2 m and 19.8 m, respectively. It drains a 100.25 km&sup2; watershed, has five major inlets, and empties to the Castleton River, a tributary of the Poultney River, which in turn flows west to East Bay at the southern end of Lake Champlain.</p><br>
<p>Bomoseen State Park occupies a portion of the lake&#39;s western shoreline. Most of the remaining area around the lake is privately owned. The lake has such recreational accommodations as a public beach, marinas, and public boat launches, in addition to the state park. There are approximately 1,000 residences around the lake, as well as restaurants and other commercial facilities.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Millions of years ago, clays that accumulated on the ocean floor compressed into shale. When the ocean floor uplifted to form the Taconic Mountains, heat and pressure metamorphosed the shale into much harder slate. Lake Bomoseen nestles in a valley surrounded by some of the lower hills on the western side of the range. The Taconics are the slate-producing region of Vermont, and the areas history parallels the rise and fall of Vermonts slate industry.</p><br>
<p>Bomoseen State Park has several quarry holes and adjacent colorful slate rubble piles. These quarries provided slate for the West Castleton Railroad and Slate Company, a complex of sixty to seventy buildings that stood between Glen Lake and Lake Bomoseen. Several slate buildings and foundations remain in the park, and a self-guided Slate History Trail brochure is available at the contact station.</p><br>
<p>In the 1920s, literary critic Alexander Woollcott owned Neshobe Island, which served as a retreat and playground for members of the famed Algonquin Round Table.</p><br>
<h2>Activities at Lake Bomoseen</h2><br>
<p>Boating, water skiing, wakeboarding, scuba diving, wind surfing, swimming, fishing, camping, and hunting</p><br>
<p>Ice fishing and cross country skiing in winter</p><br>
<p>Crystal Beach: volleyball, swimming, playground, picnicking, basketball</p><br>
<p>Bomoseen State Park: camping, swimming, volleyball, hiking</p><br>
<p>Fishing: bass, panfish, bullhead, brown trout, yellow perch, smelt, and northern pike</p><br>
<p>Prospect Point Golf Club, 9-hole public golf course</p><br>
<p>Vermont State Fairground</p><br>
<h2>Conservation</h2><br>
<p>Ospreys were virtually wiped out in Vermont and most of the United States by pesticides decades ago. DDT got into the food chain, and osprey populations plummeted as the chemical made their eggshells thin and brittle. Central Vermont Public Service has worked on osprey restoration efforts with the state for over 15 years, installing platforms at hydroelectric facilities, creating buffer zones and educating Vermonters on the birds&#39; need for space. A platform is under consideration at Lake Bomoseen. There have been occasional osprey sightings on Lake Bomoseen over the last few years.</p><br>
<p>Bald eagles were also victims of the pesticide use of the 1950s and -60s. In recent years, there has been a bald eagle nesting site on Neshobe Island, in the center of Lake Bomoseen, where the eagles feed on trout, bass and other fish species that are plentiful in the lake.</p><br>
<h2>Controversy</h2><br>
<p>Lake Bomoseen has had a long history of invasive weed problems. By the early 1980s, Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum) was the dominant weed species in the lake. Eurasian watermilfoil is an introduced species that is difficult to control due to its ability to survive in various environmental conditions. At one point the watermilfoil covered 2.4 km&sup2; of the lake, impairing its recreational and commercial uses.</p><br>
<p>Researchers from Middlebury College working under contract for the Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation introduced a native aquatic weevil (Euhrychiopsis lecontei) to help combat the problem. Other treatments such as the aquatic herbicide Sonar have been used at other lakes.</p><br>
<p>In recent years, zebra mussels have entered Lake Bomoseen after many years of attempted prevention.</p><br>
<p>Mount Moran  is a mountain in Grand Teton National Park of western Wyoming, USA. The mountain is named for Thomas Moran, an American western frontier landscape artist. Mount Moran dominates the northern section of the Teton Range rising 6,000 ft above Jackson Lake. Several active glaciers exist on the mountain with Skillet Glacier plainly visible on the monolithic east face. Like the Middle Teton in the same range, Mount Moran&#39;s face is marked by a distinctive basalt intrusion known as the Black Dike.</p><br>
<h2>Climbing</h2><br>
<p>Mount Moran is a massive and impressive mountain which would make it attractive to mountaineers. However, the comparative difficulty of the approach to the climbs makes it a much less popular climb than the Grand Teton and other peaks to the south. No trails to Mount Moran have been maintained for over twenty years, and any approach overland requires a great deal of bushwhacking through vegetation, deadfalls and bogs along the perimeter of Leigh Lake. Instead, most climbers choose to canoe from String Lake, across Leigh Lake and then pick their way to their respective route; but even this may require some overland route finding. As a result, most climbs on Mount Moran tend to take several days even when the technical portion of the climb is comparatively brief.</p><br>
<p>The first ascent of Mount Moran was made on July 22, 1922 by LeGrand Hardy, Bennet McNulty and Ben C. Rich of the Chicago Mountaineering Club via the Skillet Glacier route. The Skillet Glacier still provides perhaps the easiest and most direct route to the summit and is rated 5.4. As the name implies, most of the climb is on the steep snow and ice of Skillet Glacier, and an ice axe and crampons should be used in the ascent.</p><br>
<p>The most popular route up Mount Moran is the CMC route, named for the Chicago Mountaineering Club. The CMC is rated 5.5, and ascends the east face just south of the Black Dike. The CMC climbs good rock and is essentially free of snow and ice. It also has the advantage of a good camp high on the flank of the mountain.</p><br>
<p>The Direct South Buttress route, rated 5.7 A3, is recognized in the historic climbing text Fifty Classic Climbs of North America and considered a classic around the world.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>On November 21, 1950, a C-47 cargo plane owned by the New Tribes Mission crashed on Mount Moran during a storm, killing all 21 on board. A rescue party organized by Paul Petzoldt located the wreckage on November 25, but the extreme location of the crash made it impossible to recover the plane or the bodies.</p><br>
<p>The wreckage remains on the mountain today, but the Park Service discourages direct climbs to the site.</p><br>
<p>Responsible body: State</p><br>
<p>Wickliffe Mounds (15 BA 4) is a prehistoric, Mississippian culture archaeological site located in Ballard County, Kentucky, just outside the town of Wickliffe, about 3 mi from the confluence of the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. Archaeological investigations have linked the site with others along the Ohio River in Illinois and Kentucky as part of the Angel Phase of Mississippian culture. Wickliffe Mounds is controlled by the State Parks Service, which operates a museum at the site for interpretation of the ancient community. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places, it is also a Kentucky Archeological Landmark and State Historic Site.</p><br>
<h2>Pre-historic community at Wickliffe Mounds</h2><br>
<p>The town at Wickliffe Mounds is located on a bluff above the Ohio River, and was both a ceremonial and administrative center of an important chiefdom in the Mississippian culture. At its peak it had a population probably reaching into the hundreds.</p><br>
<p>The site is dominated by two large platform mounds, with at least eight smaller mounds scattered around a central plaza area. Agriculture was based on the cultivation of maize as a staple, which was stored and supported denser populations and stratification of society. The Mississippian culture peoples had trade with societies as far away as North Carolina, Wisconsin, and the Gulf of Mexico. As in most other Mississippian chiefdoms, the community of Wickliffe had a social hierarchy ruled by a hereditary chief.</p><br>
<h3>Chronology</h3><br>
<p>The site was inhabited between 1000 CE and 1350 CE. When Wickliffe began to be abandoned around 1300, the population had been slowly relocating to the Twin Mounds Site, several miles to the northeast near the confluence of the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers.</p><br>
<h2>Exploitation and excavation</h2><br>
<p>Amateur and semi-professional excavations first began in the site around 1913 and continued sporadically for several decades. In 1932, Fain W. King, a lumberman, amateur archaeologist, and Indian artifact collector from Paducah, Kentucky, who was a member of the Board of Regents of the Alabama Museum of Natural History, Tuscaloosa requested and privately paid for the Alabama Museum archaeology staff to conduct the excavations of the center portions of three mounds (A, B, and C) at the Wickliffe site including the cemetery, Mound C. The excavations were done under the direction of Dr. Walter B, Jones, Alabama State Geologist, and David L. DeJarnette who was the crew chief. The first publicity flyer about the excavations was co-authored by TMN Lewis and Fain King and the first two separate journal articles about the excavations (Wisconsin Archaeologist and Tenn. Academy of Science) by each author said the work was undertaken as both a scientific and educational enterprise through which the public was enabled to examine a page of unwritten history. To defray the cost of operating the site a one dollar admission was charged for the one hour guided tour during the King era.</p><br>
<p>In cooperation with his wife, Blanche Busey King, he opened the site for tourists under the name "Ancient Buried City". The Kings&#39; venture was highly controversial because they used sensational and misleading advertising, altered the site to make it more visually appealing, and made dubious and exaggerated interpretations of the site. These actions put them directly in opposition to professional archaeologists who studied the site and did not want it disturbed.</p><br>
<p>The Kings deeded the site to the Western Baptist Hospital in Paducah in 1946, that agreed to pay them a monthly stipend until both of their deaths. The hospital continued to operate the site as a tourism business until 1983 the year Mrs. King died. That year the hospital donated the site to Murray State University, to be used for research and training students. In 1984 the site&#39;s historic importance was recognized and it was added to the National Register of Historic Places. In 2004, the site became the 11th State Historical Site of Kentucky and entered the control of the Kentucky State Parks.</p><br>
<p>In addition to the freestanding Mound A, the major ceremonial mound, the museum park encloses three excavated mounds with archaeological features, to aid in their interpretation for visitors. It displays the outstanding collection of pottery and artifacts excavated on site. A mural with a birds-eye view of the Mississippian village on the bluff shows how the entire complex would have looked.</p><br>
<h2>Mound A</h2><br>
<p>Ceremonial Mound is the largest of the mounds and was the location of ceremonial structures. This would have been political and religious center of the community. Originally excavated in 1932 and later in 1984-5, it has been determined that there are six phases of development.</p><br>
<h2>Mound B</h2><br>
<p>The Architecture Building covers a mound that was residential. You can see several layers of habitation revealed in this cut-away mound. This mound was built up over 200 years. Inside, visitors can look into the layers of this mound. It shows the evidence which archeologists used to identify this as a residential area, such as the layers of charred materials from cooking fires and the postholes for the poles that held the wattle and daub siding.</p><br>
<h2>Mound C</h2><br>
<p>The Cemetery Building covers the area used as the community&#39;s burial ground. Native American practices prohibit the display of the dead. The original remains were reinterred and artificial skeletons were placed to show the original burials. The exterior of the excavation has curtains with traditional designs to cover those remains that could not be removed. The burials are from the 13th century. They included many infants, as well as people with identifiable medical problems, including arthritis, tuberculosis (TB) and various injuries.</p><br>
<h2>Mound D</h2><br>
<p>The Lifeways Building is the excavation of an early village/residential portion of the community. The early homes were replaced by an elongated mound. The excavation shows the arrangement of earlier structures, including numerous infant burials.</p><br>
<h2>Kincaid Focus</h2><br>
<p>In the lower Ohio River valley in Illinois, Kentucky, and Indiana, the Mississippian-culture towns of Kincaid, Wickliffe, Tolu, and Angel Mounds have been more closely grouped together into a "Kincaid Focus" archeological set, due to similarities in pottery assemblages and site plans. Most striking are the comparisons between the Kincaid and Angel sites, which include analogous site plans, stylistic similarities in artifacts, and geographic proximity. These connections have led some experts to hypothesize that the builders and residents were of the same society.</p><br>
<p>Rare painted and incised sherds of Mississippian culture pottery have been found at all four sites, ranging from less than one percent near Kincaid to about three or four percent of the assemblage at Wickliffe. Some common pottery styles found in these sites include: Angel Negative Painted, Kincaid Negative Painted, and Matthews Incised. This pottery is shell tempered and ranges from the smoothed surface and coarser temper of Mississippi Ware to the more polished surface and finer temper of Bell Ware.</p><br>
<p>Atafu, formerly known as the Duke of York Group, is a group of 42 coral islets within Tokelau in the south Pacific Ocean, 500 km north of Samoa. Covering 2.5 km&sup2;, it is the smallest of the three islands that constitute Tokelau, and is composed of an atoll surrounding a central lagoon, which itself covers some 15 km². The atoll lies some 800 km south of the equator at 8° 35&#39; South, 172° 30&#39; West.</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<p>According to the 2016 census 541 people officially live on Atafu (however just 413 were present at census night). Of those present, 78% belong to the Congregational Church. The main settlement on the atoll is located on Atafu Island at the northwestern corner of the atoll. The Presbyterian church was established on the island in 1858, but today almost all of the residents belong to the Congregational Christian Church. The first village on Atafu was established at the southern end of the islet, and residents built houses along the lagoon shore to receive the cooling trade winds.</p><br>
<p>The men on Atafu are highly skilled at fishing, and they use many traditional methods that are passed on from fathers to sons. They make highly effective lures, fish traps, nets, and seines, and noose fishing is still common. They also make well-crafted canoes, which are important vehicles for their fishing expeditions.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Atafu lies in the Pacific hurricane belt. In January 1914, a massive storm demolished the church and most of the houses on the islands, and wiped out many of the coconut palms.</p><br>
<p>The atoll is roughly triangular in shape and encloses a lagoon some 5 km north to south by 4 km east to west at its widest point. It is low-lying, reaching a maximum altitude of only some 5 m, and is heavily vegetated with coconut palms and other trees, with undergrowth similar to that found on many small central Pacific islands. Lizards, rats, and seabirds are common on Atafu island. The atoll attracts a wide variety of fish in large numbers.</p><br>
<p>The eastern side of the lagoon is a nearly continuous thin strip of land with one small break halfway along its length. In contrast, the western side is composed of reef and several distinct islands, notably the inverted V shape of Atafu Island in the north, Alofi, which extends into the lagoon from the western reef, and the L-shaped Fenualoa in the southwest. The smaller Tamaseko Island lies in the lagoon close to Alofi.</p><br>
<p>The reef which connects the islands of the atoll is shallow enough that it is possible to walk between the islands at low tide. This also means that there is no boat passage to the lagoon, although the ocean becomes deep very close to the reef. This allows for good anchorage, but also makes for rough seas close to the reef. The flatness of the atoll and its location within the tropical cyclone belt has led to damage to island properties on occasion.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It is likely that Polynesians visited the island in ancient times, but they may not have settled there. The European discovery of the atoll came on 21 June 1765, by John Byron, of the. Byron found no-one living on the island at that time, and he named the island "Duke of York&#39;s island". Atafu was established by Tonuia and his wife Lagimaina, along with their seven children.</p><br>
<p>Between 1856 and 1979, the United States claimed that it held sovereignty over the island and the other Tokelauan atolls. In 1979, the USA conceded that Tokelau was under New Zealand sovereignty, and a maritime boundary between Tokelau and American Samoa was established by the Treaty of Tokehega.</p><br>
<p>On 26 August 2007, the attempt by Ralph Tuijn to row from South America to Australia crashlanded on Atafu. On 26 November 2010, three teenage boys from Atafu were rescued after drifting 1,300 km for 50 days in the Pacific.</p><br>
<h2>List of islands</h2><br>
<p>Fogalaki i Lalo</p><br>
<p>Fogalaki-Matangi (Fogalaki i Matagi)</p><br>
<p>Te Oki</p><br>
<p>Te Hepu</p><br>
<p>Laualalava</p><br>
<p>Te Kapi</p><br>
<p>Na Utua</p><br>
<p>Motu Atea</p><br>
<p>Motu Fakalalo</p><br>
<p>Hakea Lahi ki Matagi</p><br>
<p>Hakea O Himi</p><br>
<p>Malatea</p><br>
<p>Kenakena</p><br>
<p>Malo o Futa</p><br>
<p>Motu o Te Lakia</p><br>
<p>Komulo</p><br>
<p>Hakea o Apelamo</p><br>
<p>Na Hapiti</p><br>
<p>Niuefa</p><br>
<p>Fenualoa</p><br>
<p>Te Puka</p><br>
<p>Tamaheko</p><br>
<p>Te Alofi</p><br>
<p>Ulugagie</p><br>
<p>Atafu Village</p><br>
<h2>Geography and Government</h2><br>
<p>The main settlement on the island is Fale on Fale Islet, towards the western side of the atoll. Located two kilometres to the west of it is the relatively large Fenua Fala Islet, where a second settlement was established in 1960. Other islets in the group include Teafua, Nukumatau, Nukulakia, Fenua Loa, Saumatafanga, Motu Akea, Matangi, Lalo, and Mulifenua.</p><br>
<p>Fakaofo&#39;s Council of Elders is made up of citizens over the age of 60.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The island was sighted by the whale ship General Jackson in 1835, which returned in 1839.</p><br>
<p>The island was named Bowditch (after Nathaniel Bowditch), this island was visited by the American ship which was part of the first American voyage of discovery &ndash; The United States Exploring Expedition (also known as "the Ex Ex" or "the Wilkes Expedition"), 1838–1842, United States Navy Lieutenant Charles Wilkes commanding. Nathaniel Bowditch (1773–1838) was a noted American navigator who wrote a famous two-volume encyclopedia of navigation and sailing that is still used and published today by the Defense Mapping Agency Topographic Center (DMATC).</p><br>
<p>In "Twenty Years Before The Mast", Charles Erskine wrote "The people found on this island had no knowledge of fire, which I believe, is the only instance of the kind on record." (This book should not be confused with another book with a similar title by Richard Henry Dana, Jr., which tells about hide trading on the California coast in the early 19th century.)</p><br>
<p>In a village on the island is a coral slab monument, personifying Tui Tokelau, a god once worshiped in the islands.</p><br>
<p>Between 1856 and 1979, the United States claimed that it held sovereignty over the island and the other Tokelauan atolls. In 1979, the U.S. conceded that Tokelau was under New Zealand sovereignty, and a maritime boundary between Tokelau and American Samoa was established by the Treaty of Tokehega.</p><br>
<h2>List of islands</h2><br>
<p># Mulifenua</p><br>
<p># Vini</p><br>
<p># Motu Pelu</p><br>
<p># Talapeka</p><br>
<p># Te Lafu</p><br>
<p># Palea</p><br>
<p># Manumea</p><br>
<p># Kavivave</p><br>
<p># Heketai</p><br>
<p># Motuloa</p><br>
<p># Motu Akea</p><br>
<p># Niue</p><br>
<p># Fugalei</p><br>
<p># Manuafe</p><br>
<p># Otafi Loa</p><br>
<p># Kaivai</p><br>
<p># Nukuheheke</p><br>
<p># Nukamahaga Lahi</p><br>
<p># Tenki</p><br>
<p># Pagai</p><br>
<p># Matakitoga</p><br>
<p># Vaiaha</p><br>
<p>#Falatutahi</p><br>
<p># Lapa</p><br>
<p># Hugalu</p><br>
<p># Logotaua</p><br>
<p># Tafolaelo</p><br>
<p># Otano</p><br>
<p># Akegamutu</p><br>
<p># Te Loto</p><br>
<p># Kapiomotu</p><br>
<p># Metu</p><br>
<p># Hakea Mahaga</p><br>
<p># Pukava</p><br>
<p># Hakea</p><br>
<p># Te Kau Afua o Humu</p><br>
<p># Nukulakia</p><br>
<p># Te Papaloa</p><br>
<p># Pataliga</p><br>
<p># Nukumatau</p><br>
<p># Fale</p><br>
<p># Te Afua tau Lua</p><br>
<p># Fenua Fala</p><br>
<p>Nukunonu is the largest atoll within Tokelau, a dependency of New Zealand, in the south Pacific Ocean. It comprises 30 islets surrounding a central lagoon, with about 5.5 km&sup2; of land area and a lagoon surface area of 109 km&sup2;.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>The main settlement on the atoll is located on Nukunonu Island at the southwestern edge of the lagoon with a concrete bridge joining the two areas of settlement. Other islets in the group include Motuhaga, Te Puka e Mua, Ahua, Motufala, Punalei, Taulagapapa, Niututahi, Saumagalu, Apia, Laulauia, Avakilikili, Fatigauhu, Tokelau, Te Fakanava, Te Puku, and Te Kamu to name a few.</p><br>
<p>The island&#39;s residents depend upon coconuts, pandanus, and marine life for subsistence; fresh water is scarce. Shipping is hampered by the lack of an adequate anchorage.</p><br>
<p>Tokelau has one hotel, the Luana Liki Hotel, and one resort, Falefa Resort, both situated on Nukunonu. Few tourists visit the country and tourism is not widely promoted. There is ambivalence to the idea of tourists with some Tokelauans wanting to keep the country unaffected by the outside world. Despite this, visitors are greeted with traditional Polynesian hospitality. The Luana Liki Hotel functions mainly to accommodate official visitors who have included the New Zealand Prime Minister and Governor General. There is one main shop in Nukunonu which sells a limited range of products. Due to the vagaries of shipping schedules it is at times short of goods.</p><br>
<p>Concrete water tanks are incorporated into the base of newly built houses and collect rain water from the roof. Satellite TV dishes are beginning to appear on some houses in the village.</p><br>
<p>The first European vessel known to have come upon Nukunonu was the Royal Navy ship, in 1791, whose captain, Edward Edwards, named Duke of Clarence Island in honor of</p><br>
<p>Prince William, Duke of Clarence and St Andrews (1765-1837), the third son of King George III and later king himself, as William IV. At the time, the Pandora was searching for mutineers from HMS Bounty. During the early 19th century, Nukunonu’s inhabitants were converted to Roman Catholicism by Samoan missionaries.</p><br>
<p>Between 1856 and 1979, the United States claimed that it held sovereignty over the island and the other Tokelauan atolls. In 1979, the USA conceded that Tokelau was under New Zealand sovereignty, and a maritime boundary between Tokelau and American Samoa was established by the Treaty of Tokehega.</p><br>
<p>Local administration consists of a Taupulega (Council of Elders), made up of heads of family groups and two elected members. According to the 2006 census 426 people live on Nukunonu, of which more than 95% belong to the Catholic Church.</p><br>
<h2>List of Islands</h2><br>
<p>1. Avakaukilikili</p><br>
<p>2. Matalapa</p><br>
<p>3. Niualemu</p><br>
<p>4. Hini Ailani</p><br>
<p>5. Te Palaoa</p><br>
<p>6. Apia</p><br>
<p>7. Haumagalu</p><br>
<p>8. Niututahi</p><br>
<p>9. Lalohumu</p><br>
<p>10. Olomoana</p><br>
<p>11. Tuigaika</p><br>
<p>12. Tima</p><br>
<p>13. Vaivaimai</p><br>
<p>14. Te Nonu</p><br>
<p>15. Patiku</p><br>
<p>16. Tuatiga</p><br>
<p>17. Tagamako</p><br>
<p>18. Hilakehe</p><br>
<p>19. Na Taulaga</p><br>
<p>20. Punalei</p><br>
<p>21. Motu Fala</p><br>
<p>22. Motu Akea</p><br>
<p>23. Fulumahaga</p><br>
<p>24. Na Hapiti</p><br>
<p>25. Fatigauhu</p><br>
<p>26. Te Afua o lafu</p><br>
<p>27. Te Puka i Mua</p><br>
<p>28. Motuhaga</p><br>
<p>29. Te Kamu</p><br>
<p>30. Fakanava Tau Loto</p><br>
<p>31. Vini</p><br>
<p>32. Te Puka i Muli</p><br>
<p>33. Te Fakanava</p><br>
<p>Harishchandragad is a hill fort in the Ahmednagar district of India. Its history is linked with that of Malshej Ghat, kothale village and it has played a major role in guarding and controlling the</p><br>
<p>surrounding region.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The fort is quite ancient. Remnants of Microlithic man have been discovered here. The various Puranas (ancient scriptures) like Matsyapurana, Agnipurana and Skandapurana include many references about Harishchandragad. Its origin is said to have been in the 6th century, during the rule of Kalachuri dynasty. The citadel was built during this era. The various caves probably have been carved out in the 11th century. In these caves are idols of Lord Vishnu. Though the cliffs are named Taramati and Rohidas, they are not related to Ayodhya. Great sage Changdev (one who created the epic Tatvasaar), used to meditate here in the 14th century. The caves are from the same period. The various constructions on the fort and those existing the surrounding region point to the existence of diverse cultures here. The carvings on the temples of Nageshwar (in Khireshwar village), in the Harishchandreshwar temple and in the cave of Kedareshwar indicate that the fort belongs to the medieval period, since it is related to mahadeva as a totem of tribes koli mahadev. They was controlling the fort before Moguls.</p><br>
<p>Later the fort was under the control of Moguls. The Marathas captured it in 1747.</p><br>
<h2>Notable Places of Interest</h2><br>
<h3>Saptatirtha Pushkarni</h3><br>
<p>To the east of the temple is a well-built lake called “Saptatirtha”. On its bank are temple-like constructions in which there are idols of Lord Vishnu. Recently these idols have been shifted in the caves near the temple of Harishchandreshwar. These days many trekkers have been responsible for the sad plight of this place, as they throw plastic wastes and other things in the pond. 7 years back the water was potable, and now it isn&#39;t suitable even to swim. (However, this water is so cold in summer that you can actually feel like you are standing in a refrigeration unit.)</p><br>
<h3>Kedareshwar Cave</h3><br>
<p>Towards the right of Harishchandreshwar temple, there is the huge cave of Kedareshwar (see picture), in which there is a big Shiva Linga, which is completely surrounded by water. Its height from the base is five feet, and the water is waist-deep. It is quite difficult to reach the Shiva Linga because the water is ice-cold. There are sculptures carved out in the cave. In the monsoon it is not possible to reach this cave, as a huge stream flows across the way.</p><br>
<p>As can be seen from the picture, there is a huge rock above the Shiva Linga. There were four pillars built around the Shiva Linga to support the cave.</p><br>
<p>Another interesting thing about this place is that water seeps into this temple from the four walls on an everyday basis. And owing to the water being very cold, it&#39;s difficult to reach inside too. The water continues to seep in during all the seasons during the year, except during rainy season and surprisingly, it is also said that there is absolutely no water during rainy season.</p><br>
<h3>Kokan Kada (कोकण कडा)</h3><br>
<p>This cliff faces west and looks down upon the Konkan. It provides views of the surrounding region. The cliff has an overhang, but has been climbed many times. Sometimes a circular rainbow (the Brocken spectre phenomenon) can be seen from this point. It can be seen only when there is a bit of mist in the valley, and the sun is right behind the person facing the valley. One phenomenon that can be observed at this place is the vertical cloud burst, in which the clouds nearing the cliff get sucked into the pit fall area below and are thrown vertically into the sky reaching more than 50 ft, creating the impression of a wall that is rising straight from the edge of the cliff without entering the landmass area.</p><br>
<h3>Taramati peak</h3><br>
<p>Also known as Taramanchi. This is the top most point on the fort (1429 meters). Leopards are seen in the forests beyond this peak. From here we can have a glimpse of the whole range of Naneghat and the forts near Murbad.</p><br>
<p>From this Taramati point, we can have a glimpse of forts till Siddhagad near Bhimashankar in the south and Napta twin peaks, Ghodishep (865 meters), Ajoba (1375 meters), Kulang fort (1471 meters)in the north near the Kasara region.</p><br>
<h3>Caves on Harishchandragad</h3><br>
<p>These caves are spread out all over the fort. Many of these are situated at the foot of Taramati peak and are the place of accommodation. A few are near the temple, whereas some are near the citadel and some far away in the forests. A 30 ft deep natural cave is on the northwestern side of the fort, to the right of Kokan Kada. Many other caves are still said to remain undiscovered.</p><br>
<h3>Nageshwar temple near Khireshwar</h3><br>
<p>This is a great antique construction, and diverse artistic works are seen on this. On the ceiling of the temple are carvings. The main attraction of the carvings here is the 1.5 m long sculpture of Lord Vishnu in the sleeping posture, popularly known as "Sheshshayi Vishnu" in Marathi. It is rare and hence holds a lot of importance. There are a lot of legends told about this sculpture. There are caves near the temple.</p><br>
<h3>Temple of Harishchandreshwar</h3><br>
<p>This temple is marvelous example of the fine art of carving sculptures out of stones that prevailed in ancient India. It is about 16 m high from its base. Around this temple there a few caves & ancient water tanks. The river Mangal Ganga is said to originate from one of the tanks located close to the temple. The top of the temple resembles construction with the north-Indian temples. A similar temple is situated in Buddha-Gaya. Here we can see many tombs, in which a typical construction is seen. These are built by well-finished arranging stones one on top of the other. There are three main caves near the temple. The cisterns near the temple provide drinking water. A short distance away, another temple called Kashitirtha is located. The fascinating thing about this temple is that it has been carved out from a single huge rock. There are entrances from all four sides. On the main entrance there are sculptures of faces. These are faces of guards of the temple. On the left side of the entrance is a Devsnagsri inscription, which is about saint Changdev.</p><br>
<h2>How to reach</h2><br>
<p>Harishchandragad lies where the boundaries of Thane, Pune and Ahmednagar districts converge.</p><br>
<p>1) From Thane District:</p><br>
<p>One has to board the bus for Nagar from Kalyan & alight at ‘Khubi Phata’. From there we reach the village of Khireshwar by bus or private vehicle. This village is 7 km from the foothills of the fort.</p><br>
<p>2) From Pune District:</p><br>
<p>There is a daily bus from Shivajinagar ST stand (Pune) to Khireswar village.</p><br>
<p>3) From Ahmednagar District:</p><br>
<p>One has to board the bus for Nasik or Mumbai & alight at Ghoti village. From Ghoti, we have to board another bus to Sangamner via Malegaon & alight at Rajur village. From here, 2 ways diverge to the fort.</p><br>
<p>1) From Rajur, one has to board the bus or a private vehicle to the village of Pachanai. From here, the way is straight to the topmost point.</p><br>
<p>2) Recently, the way from Rajur to kothale (Tolar Khind) has been made available. From Tolar Khind (Tolar valley), the temple is about 2–3 hours by walking.</p><br>
<p>3) from kotul to kothale bus facilities available way to tolar khind every hour bus going towards kothale, private vehicles also available on this route.</p><br>
<h2>Hiking to the Fort</h2><br>
<p>There are 4–5 known ways up to the fort, the most usual being the following ones:</p><br>
<h3>Way from Khireshwar</h3><br>
<p>The way beside the caves, where water tanks are seen, proceeds further to Junnar Darwaaja (Entrance From Junnar). From here, the route goes straight to Tolar Khind. Walking a few minutes from Tolar Khind, we come across a rock-patch on which railings are fixed. After ascending the railings, we come to the plateau region on which less dense forests are seen. From here, we have to cross 7 hills & after a walk of 2–3 hours, we reach the temple of Harishchandreshwar, the temple of Lord Shiva. This Tolar Khind is the great remembrance of the great freedom fighter tribe Mr. Raghoji Bhangre</p><br>
<p>Note: On this way, many arrows help in indicating the way.</p><br>
<p>Also there is one interesting short route if one has to skip the seven hills. By this route, you can reach the temple in 1 hour instead of 2 hours through seven hills but this route goes through very very dense forests hence if you are in group of many people, this route can be tried</p><br>
<p>After climbing the rock patch from the Tolar Khind, follow the usual trek route going ahead and at one point, you will encounter two ways one to the right goes to the temple through seven hills and the straight one goes below the balekilla (citadel)through very dense forests (the trees are very dense that you can&#39;t even view the sky above your head)and this route reaches to the seventh mountain directly.</p><br>
<h3>Way from Belpada</h3><br>
<p>The third way is specially meant for hikers, which is via Sadhleghat. One should board the bus for Malshej Ghat and go to the village of Belpada via Savarne village on the Malshej-Kalyan road. From here, the route goes through Sadhleghat. Here one has to climb a straight rock patch on which grips are provided. The temple is situated at a height of about 1 km from Belpada. The total distance is about 19 km</p><br>
<h3>Way from Kothale</h3><br>
<p>There is another way to reach Harischandragad is from Kothale village, a village you can reach by buses or private vehicles. Buses coming from Sangamner, Akole or from Kotul. From Kotul the distance is 25 km with buses going every hour towards Kothale. From kothale Harischandragad is 3 km away, from Kothale to Harischandragad you need to go by foot. On this way there is a small pond of pure natural water available at that pond. The history of that pond is that some years ago this pond provided water for all cowboys who came from the nearest villages.</p><br>
<h2>Accommodation facility</h2><br>
<p>Ganesh caves, located very near to the Harishchandeshwar Temple. Temple has capacity of providing accommodation up to 50 people. Despite of the efforts from the locals and hikers some people have managed to make the place dirty. People hiking to the other peaks generally rest here during night. It would be advisable to carry a camp to avoid the unhygienic condition of the caves.</p><br>
<h3>Accommodation in Kothale village</h3><br>
<p>accommodation also available in nearby village kothale (its free of cost provided by social service society like nadekar family social service society, nadekar family charitable trust. local social societies also helpful for all tourist and pilgrims.also villager providing all facilities to all people.</p><br>
<h3>Accommodation in Khireshwar</h3><br>
<p>In Khireshwar, local school is the best for a night’s stay. In this village, we can see the temple of Nageshwar as well as ancient caves of the Yadav era.</p><br>
<p>In Pachnai village on the other side of Harishchandragad fort from Ahmednagar district, One Hanuman temple is good for an overnight stay.</p><br>
<h2>Drinking water facility</h2><br>
<p>The water tanks near the caves provide water all round the year for basic needs. The perennial stream running near the caves is the major source for drinking water. It is advisable to refrain from drinking water at the tank near to caves. While in monsoon, there are a number of waterfalls around the caves which provide potable water. Potable water is available from the tanks which are present in the temple compound.</p><br>
<p>On weekends during Summer and Winter, the villagers sell lemon water and buttermilk at 2–3 points between Tolar Khind and Harishchandreshwar. Basic meals are available at 3–4 temporary shacks over the weekend.</p><br>
<p>Auchinleck House is an 18th-century mansion in Scotland. It is situated near the town of Auchinleck near Cumnock and Ayr in East Ayrshire. The Auchinleck Estate has been inhabited since the 13th century, and the remains of Auchinleck Castle and Auchinleck Old House stand in the estate. The house is protected as a category A listed building, while the two ruined dwellings are scheduled monuments.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Auchinleck Castle was recorded as being extant in 1241. At that time, the castle was the seat of the Auchinlecks of that Ilk, who had held the barony since at least the 13th century and possibly earlier. The castle, and the barony, remained within the Auchinleck family until 1504 when due to a failing Auchinleck male line, and the marriage of a daughter of Sir John Auchinleck to a Thomas Boswell, the estate and the title were granted to Boswell by King James IV. Boswell assumed the title of laird from that date. It is not known when Auchinleck Castle ceased to be inhabited. The ruins still stand within the grounds of the Auchinleck estate, on the low sandstone cliff which overlooks the confluence of the River Lugar and the Dippol Burn.</p><br>
<h3>The Boswells</h3><br>
<p>In 1591 John Boswell was in trouble with the Privy Council for practising witchcraft, sorcery and enchantments, consulting with witches and taking part in other devilish activities. Richie Graham, the most notorious wizard of his day, admitted to having raised the Devil at Auchinleck. Boswell&#39;s response to these allegations was to flee the country.</p><br>
<p>Auchinleck Old House was built in 1612, and was the home of the Boswell family prior to the building of the current Auchinleck House. Again, the ruins are still standing within the estate.</p><br>
<p>The "new" Auchinleck House was built circa 1760 by Alexander Boswell, Lord Auchinleck, 8th Laird of Auchinleck. It later passed on to his son, James Boswell, the biographer of Samuel Johnson. Boswell and Johnson visited the house in 1773 on their way back from their journey to the Hebrides. In 1782, James Boswell became the 9th Laird of Auchinleck. The design of the house has been attributed to Robert Adam, although it may have been designed by Alexander Boswell himself.</p><br>
<h3>Auchinleck House in the 20th century</h3><br>
<p>During the Second World War, the then Laird of Auchinleck gave permission for Officers from the armies of Poland, Canada and France to live in Auchinleck House.</p><br>
<p>In 1986 the remains of the buildings were turned over to the Scottish Historic Buildings Trust by James Boswell, a descendent of the 18th-century Boswells. The Trust repaired the roof, and thus ensured the survival of the building. In 1999 Auchinleck House was bought by the Landmark Trust, a building preservation charity whose aim it is to "rescue historic and architecturally interesting buildings and their surroundings from neglect and, when restored, to give them new life by letting them for holidays." Now restored, Auchinleck House is used for holiday lets, and is occasionally open to the public.</p><br>
<p>Fort Hawkins was a fort built in 1806-1810 in the historic Creek Nation by the United States government under President Thomas Jefferson and used until 1824. Built in what is now Georgia at the fall Line on the east side of the Ocmulgee River, the fort overlooked the sacred ancient earthwork mounds of the Ocmulgee Old Fields, now known as the Ocmulgee National Monument, and the Lower Creek Pathway. A trading settlement and later the city of Macon, Georgia, developed in the area prior to the construction of the fort, with Scottish fur traders being in the area as early as the 1650s. Later, the fort would become important to the Creek Nation, the United States, and the state of Georgia for economic, military, and political reasons.</p><br>
<p>The fort originally had a tall log palisade surrounding a 1- 2 acre complex. It had living and working quarters as well as two blockhouses on diagonal corners. A replica of the southeast blockhouse was constructed in 1938 after archeological excavations in 1936 showed the appropriate site. It has become an icon of Macon. The Fort Hawkins Archeological Site is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is included within the boundaries of the Fort Hill Historic District, also listed on the NRHP.</p><br>
<p>The Fort Hawkins Commission directed archaeological excavations in 2005-2007, which found evidence of a second palisade on the site as well as several large brick buildings. In addition, the work recovered nearly 40,000 artifacts, indicating a more complex history of Native American and European-American interaction than had been known. Historical research by the archeology team has also added to new knowledge about the fort, its characteristics and significance. In 2008 the Commission completed a Master Plan for development of the site, eventually to include reconstruction of the entire fort complex. It will display and interpret the thousands of artifacts found at the site, which represent the many tribes of American Indians and pioneer European Americans whose lives met in the area through complex trading and living relationships. Excavations are continuing at the fort site.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Fort Hawkins was built by the United States in 1806 and through 1824, it was a place of "relatively great economic, military, and political importance."</p><br>
<p>The US government used the fort as a military command headquarters on the southeastern frontier, "a major troop garrison and bivouac point for regular troops and state militia in several important campaigns, and a major trade factory for regulating the Creek economy." President Thomas Jefferson had forced the Creek Nation to cede its lands east of the Ocmulgee River, except for the sacred Ocmulgee Old Fields. The fort was built at the fall line of the river, about a mile uphill, at the end of navigable water from the Low Country to the Piedmont. It was to be a point for the governments "civilization" of the Creek through introduction of European-American farming and cultural practices. To the north of the fort passed the Lower Creek Pathway, which was improved as part of the Federal Road to connect the nations capital city with the ports of Mobile, Alabama, and New Orleans, Louisiana. This change encouraged the travel of many more troops, settlers, and visitors to the area and encroached on the Creek Nation territory.</p><br>
<p>The fort was named for Benjamin Hawkins, who was still serving as the General Superintendent of Indian Affairs (1796–1816) south of the Ohio River, as well as principal US Indian agent to the Creek. A former US Senator from North Carolina, Hawkins had been appointed by President George Washington to deal with the Choctaw, Cherokee and Chickasaw in the larger territory, and helped gain years of peace between the Creek and European-American settlers. He married Lavinia Downs, the daughter of Isaac Downs, a veteran of the American Revolutionary War.</p><br>
<p>The fort was used during US military campaigns of the War of 1812 against Great Britain. General Andrew Jackson visited the Fort and used it successfully as a staging area for the Battle of New Orleans of 1814-15, as well as during the Creek and Seminole wars. After the frontier moved farther west, the military threat in inland Georgia essentially ceased. Through the treaties of 1825 and 1826 signed with the US, the Creek were forced to move west of the Chattahoochee River the following year. The city of Macon was founded in 1823, and by 1828, the fort was in private ownership.</p><br>
<p>During its active years, Fort Benjamin Hawkins was used as a Georgia Militia headquarters and muster ground. It was a point of interaction with "the US Army, the Creek Nation, the Georgia militia and the Georgia government." The fort helped reinforce Georgia&#39;s western frontier until the state took control by getting the Creek removed to the west, while filling much of the land with European-American settlers.</p><br>
<p>Ancient cultures of indigenous peoples had long settled near the river. Evidence of 17,000 years of continuous human habitation has been found at Ocmulgee National Monument. Historically, Native American peoples from the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole nations; ethnic European Americans from England, Germany, Ireland, Scotland, and Spain; and West African-descended peoples originally speaking numerous languages from a variety of ethnic cultures, were all represented at the fort. Nearly 40,000 artifacts from trading and residence have been found in 21st-century archaeological excavations at the fort site.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation, reconstruction and excavation</h2><br>
<p>From 1928, the Daughters of the American Revolution and the Macon Kiwanis Club raised funds to create a replica of one of the blockhouses to memorialize the fort. In 1933 the government began archaeological excavations at the Ocmulgee Old Fields, supported by workers and funding of the US Works Progress Administration (WPA) under President Franklin D. Roosevelt during the Great Depression. In 1936, one of the archaeologists, Gordon R. Willey, did enough work at Fort Hawkins to establish the original "footprint" of the southeast blockhouse. Construction of a replica blockhouse was completed as a WPA project in 1938. Some of the original stones were recovered to be used in the basement section. The upper floors were made of concrete formed to simulate the original wood timbers, intended to be more durable at a time of uncertain funding for historic work.</p><br>
<p>Because historical records had been destroyed when Washington, D.C., was burned during the War of 1812, in 1971 the city authorized limited archaeological excavation to establish the original dimensions of the fort. The excavation revealed numerous ceramic artifacts, including remnants of English-American styled dishes used by residents, dated from c.1779 - c.1834. In 1977 the Fort Hawkins archeological site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP).</p><br>
<p>The City of Macon acquired the historic site in 2002, with help from the state&#39;s Greenspace Program and funds from the Fort Hawkins Commission and the Peyton Anderson Foundation. After redevelopment, the city and Commission plan to use the fort site as a greenspace park and as a history center for the city. The southeast blockhouse, which is occasionally opened to the public, has become an icon of the city. Archeologists were concerned that construction of the Fort Hawkins Grammar School and a road on part of the site in the mid-20th century had destroyed the archeological record. Since 2005, archeological excavations at the fort site have shown that extensive artifacts and stratigraphy have survived and can be interpreted.</p><br>
<p>From 2005-2007, in a cooperative project supported by the city, the Fort Hawkins Commission (est. 1990 and led by Marty Willet), the Society for Georgia Archaeology, and the LAMAR Institute, funded archaeologist Daniel T. Elliott, who led a team in extensive excavations of the fort site. The work revealed evidence of two forts having been constructed there. The final fort had several brick buildings and only one of wood, making it a more substantial complex than originally thought by the limited historical descriptions. In 2007 additional palisades were found, with research indicating that it is likely the outer area was built from 1809-1810 by the US Army&#39;s Regiment of Rifles.</p><br>
<p>By creating a public website for the fort and the archeological work, the Commission and Society for Georgia Archeology have promoted a wider understanding of the research, and the items that have been found. The Commission and Society have also sponsored public presentations in an effort to educate a wider audiences about the fort, its role as a military and economic center, and as a focal point for the interaction of people and cultures.</p><br>
<p>The nearly 40,000 artifacts recovered from the fort era (1806–1821), provide insight into the lives of the different groups of people interacting with one another on the American frontier. The Fort Hawkins Commission developed a Master Plan in 2008 for the site, which includes a proposal to reconstruct the entire 1.4 acre (5,700 m²) complex.</p><br>
<p>Excavations in October 2011 concentrated on the outer western and southern walls (circa 1810) of the former stockade. An intrusive 19th century cellar, associated with the Thomas Woolfolk plantation, was also sampled during the 2011 field season.</p><br>
<p>Limited excavations in May 2012 focused on discovering remnants of the northwestern blockhouse. Indirect evidence of the blockhouse is indicated by the abrupt termination of the western palisade wall (circa 1806) at its northern end. All outward indications of the blockhouse have been lost to erosion and grading.</p><br>
<h2>Recognition</h2><br>
<p>1977, Fort Hawkins Archeological Site is listed on the National Register of Historic Places(NRHP).</p><br>
<p>1993, Fort Hawkins is included in the Fort Hill Historic District, listed on the NRHP.</p><br>
<p>2002, a State Highway Marker was erected at the fort.</p><br>
<p>2007, Fort Hawkins was featured in Georgia&#39;s Archaeology Month program, capped by a weekend celebration at the fort.</p><br>
<h2>Images</h2><br>
<p>Labraunda  is an ancient archaeological site five kilometers west of Ortaköy, Muğla Province, Turkey, in the mountains near the coast of Caria. In ancient times, it was held sacred by Carians and Mysians alike. The site amid its sacred plane trees was enriched in the Hellenistic style by the Hecatomnid dynasty of Mausolus, satrap  of Persian Caria , and also later by his successor and brother Idrieus; Labranda was the dynasty&#39;s ancestral sacred shrine. The prosperity of a rapidly hellenised Caria occurred in the during the 4th century BCE. Remains of Hellenistic houses and streets can still be traced, and there are numerous inscriptions. The cult icon here was a local Zeus Labrandeus , a standing Zeus with the tall lotus-tipped scepter upright in his left hand and the double-headed axe, the labrys, over his right shoulder. The cult statue was the gift of the founder of the dynasty, Hecatomnus himself, recorded in a surviving inscription.</p><br>
<p>In the 3rd century BCE, with the fall of the Hecatomnids, Labraunda passed into the control of Mylasa. The site was later occupied without discontinuity until the mid Byzantine period.</p><br>
<h2>Labraunda and labrys</h2><br>
<p>The first occurrence of "labrys" in English noted by the OED concerns this sanctuary:It seems natural to interpret names of Carian sanctuaries like Labranda in the most literal sense as the place of the sacred labrys, which was the Lydian (or Carian) name for the Greek πέλεκυς, or double-edged axe.</p><br>
<p>The same root labr- appears in the labyrinth of Knossos, which is interpreted as the "place of the axe." The double-headed axe was a central iconic motif at Labraunda. The axe cast of gold had been kept in the Lydian capital Sardes for centuries. The Lydian king Gyges awarded it to the Carians, to commemorate Carian support in a battle. This is the mythic anecdote: the social and political reality may have been more complicated, for such ritual objects are never lightly passed from hand to hand or moved from their fixed abode. Upon receiving this precious, purely ritual axe, the Carians kept it in the Temple of Zeus at Labraunda.</p><br>
<p>The figure of a double-sided axe is a feature of many coins of Halicarnassus. Coins at the museum at Bodrum bear the head of Apollo on the obverse and on the reverse the name of the reigning Carian ruler inscribed next to the figure of Zeus Labraunda carrying the double-bladed Carian axe.</p><br>
<h2>Site</h2><br>
<p>The Royal Swedish Institute at Athens has been in charge of archeology at Labraunda, notably in a series of campaigns in 1948-53, initiated by Axel W. Persson and taken up, after the latter&#39;s sudden death, by Gösta Säflund, has published its findings in a long series, grouped as four volumes, from 1955 onwards. The hieron, one of the best-preserved and most complete series of 4th century BCE structures, contained a series of buildings of unusual construction, ranged on several formal terraces. In its synthesis of Achaemenid and Ionian features it foreshadowed Hellenistic style.</p><br>
<p>The sacred precinct was entered through one of two marble Ionic propylea at the southeast corner of the site. The Ionic temple of Zeus bore a dedicatory inscription of the brother of Mausolus, Idrieus (351-44 BCE); it had a simplified, two-part architrave, and a low ceiling to the small cella.</p><br>
<p>The site is currently being excavated by an international team led by archaeologists Olivier Henry and Ömür Dünya Çakmaklı.</p><br>
<p>The Lake Izvorul Muntelui, also known as Lake Bicaz, is the largest artificial lake on the interior waters of Romania; it was created after the completion of a dam built on the river Bistrița. The dam is located a few kilometers north of the town of Bicaz.</p><br>
<p>The dam was built between 1950 and 1960 and is used to generate hydroelectricity at the Bicaz-Stejaru hydro-plant. It has a height of 127 meters, a length of 435 meters, and a maximum width of 119 meters. The lake has a length of 40 kilometers, an area of 33 km² and a maximum volume of 1,250 million m³.</p><br>
<p>The lake is a popular tourist destination in the region, especially in summertime, when visitors can take the ferryboat from the Bicaz port for a short trip on the lake, enjoying the magnificent view of Mount Ceahlău on the west shore.</p><br>
<p>In the 1960s and 1970s there was regular ferry service between the Bicaz port and the villages on the lake shore.</p><br>
<p>At Potoci, a few kilometers north of the town of Bicaz, there is a biological research facility, equipped with a small submersible used for underwater explorations. The facility was visited by the marine biologist Jacques-Yves Cousteau in 1984.</p><br>
<p>Enderbury Island  is a small, uninhabited atoll 63 km ESE of Kanton Island in the Pacific Ocean at {{coord|3|08|S|171|05|W}}. It is about 1 mile  wide and 3 miles  long, with a reef stretching out 60–200 metres. Forming a part of the Canton and Enderbury Islands condominium from 1939–79, the island is now a possession of the Republic of Kiribati.</p><br>
<p>Kiribati declared the Phoenix Islands Protected Area in 2006, with the park being expanded in 2008. The 164,200-square-mile (425,300-square-kilometer) marine reserve contains eight coral atolls including Kanton.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>The island is flat and bare, with elevations between 15 and 22 feet. Vegetation consists of low shrubs, including herbs, bunchgrass, sida and morning-glory vines, together with a few clumps of trees, including coconut palms and kou trees. Unlike other atolls, Enderbury has only a small lagoon; most of the island is land. Bird life is abundant, as is the rat population, according to E.H. Bryan Feral cats used to exist, but recently died out. Enderbury has been identified as the most important green sea turtle nesting area in the Phoenix Islands group.</p><br>
<p>An expedition to carry out eradication of the population of Polynesian rat on Enderbury Island was carried out in 2011.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Enderbury Island was discovered in 1823 by Capt. James J. Coffin from the British whaling ship &#39;Transit&#39; and named after Samuel Enderby (1756–1829), owner of a London whaling company. The version &#39;Enderbury&#39; is a misspelling. The island was visited by the US Exploring Expedition on 9 Jan. 1841. The first interest in Enderbury came in 1860, with guano mining. The Guano Islands Act of 1856 allowed Americans to claim islands which had guano deposits; Enderbury was one of them. The start was slow, but guano mining in Enderbury reached its peak in 1870, under the Phoenix Guano Company, when 6,000 tons were mined and shipped in 64 days. The Americans left in 1877, and the Pacific entrepreneur John T. Arundel took over in the 1880s.</p><br>
<p>Very little else occurred at Enderbury until March 1937, when the British Government claimed the Phoenix Islands, including Enderbury, and included it in the Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony. In March 1938, the U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt also declared Enderbury, along with the nearby island of Kanton, to be under the jurisdiction of the United States Department of the Interior. These islands had been deemed a good strategic point for stopover of PanAm flights to Australia and New Zealand, though Enderbury itself was never used for this. In early 1939, a deal was signed for the U.S. and U.K. to share them as the Canton and Enderbury Islands condominium.</p><br>
<p>Four colonists from the American Equatorial Islands Colonization Project settled on the island in 1938, to uphold the American claim of ownership, but they were evacuated in 1942 during World War II by USCGC Taney, and all buildings were destroyed to prevent them from being used by the Japanese.</p><br>
<p>Today, Enderbury is home to many species of seabirds which roost there and is under the sovereignty of the Republic of Kiribati. In 2008, it became, together with the other Phoenix Islands, a part of the Phoenix Islands Protected Area (PIPA), the largest marine protected area in the world. The PIPA&#39;s official website recently revealed that Enderbury has recently been invaded by non-indigenous coconut palms from the islands of Manra, Orona and Nikumaroro.</p><br>
<p>Jarun  is a neighborhood in the southwestern part of Zagreb, Croatia. It was named after Lake Jarun, formed by the Sava River, now located on the southern edge of the neighborhood.</p><br>
<h2>Lake</h2><br>
<p>The lake is the location of the Jarun sports and leisure center, where people can row, paddle, sail, surf, swim, jog, bike, roller skate, and skateboard. Around the lake are many nightclubs and cafes such as Aquarius. Jarun Lake is currently a home of INmusic festival.</p><br>
<p>Also, around the lake Jarun there is a "Walk of fame" with the pictures and biography information of great athletes of Croatian sport.</p><br>
<h2>Neighborhood</h2><br>
<p>The area covered by the local city council Jarun is 398.06 hectares, with 12,149 inhabitants (2011).</p><br>
<p>The development of Jarun began at the end of the 1970s when it was merely a village, with the building of apartment blocks. Development increased in 1987 due to the building of the sports and leisure center (because of the Universiade in Zagreb the same year). It is currently a middle-class neighborhood with a very low crime rate.</p><br>
<p>The borders of Jarun are Horvaćanska Street to the north with Staglišće, Hrvatski Sokol Street with Vrbani to the west, Vrapčak Creek with Gredice to the east, and the Sava River to the south. Jarun, in the wider sense, also includes the neighborhoods of Staglišće and Gredice.</p><br>
<p>Mount Hikurangi  is a 1,752 m peak in the eastern corner of New Zealand&#39;s North Island, about 80 km north of Gisborne, and 50 km southwest of the East Cape Lighthouse.</p><br>
<p>Mount Hikurangi is within the rohe of Ngāti Porou, and is the iwis most significant icon. In Māori mythology, it was the first part of the North Island to emerge when Māui pulled it as a giant fish from the ocean. According to these beliefs, his waka, Nukutaimemeha, became stranded on the mountain, and lies petrified near the mountains summit. Nine large whakairo (carvings) depicting Māui and his whānau were erected on the mountain to commemorate the millennium in 2000.</p><br>
<p>Nearby summits include Whanokao (1,428 m), Aorangi (1,272 m), Wharekia (1,106 m) and Taitai (678 m). Together, these mountains provide what Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand calls an "awe-inspiring vista".</p><br>
<h2>The first sunrise of the new day</h2><br>
<p>The peak is traditionally regarded as the first land in the world to catch the rays of the new days sun, although this claim, like any such claim of its type, is open to interpretation. Certainly it is not true at any time of the year other than the Southern Hemisphere summer, as both Fiji and Tonga are to the east. In summer, however, because of the tilt of the Earths axis, it does receive the sun&#39;s rays earlier than these places. It does not receive them earlier than the Chatham Islands (or, of course, Antarctica), however. This did not stop the mountain gaining world prominence in the celebrations for the new Millennium, however.</p><br>
<p>According to the Department of Conservation, the mountain is "recognised and accepted as the first point on the mainland to greet the morning sun". Celebrations by Ngāti Porou to commemorate the first dawn of the new millennium in 2000, including karakia led by Tamati and Amster Reedy, took place on the summit of the mountain. In addition, nine massive whakairo depicting Māuis story and his whānau were erected on the mountain as part of the celebrations. They were carved under Derek Lardellis guidance by students from Toihoukura, the Eastern Institute of Technology&#39;s School of Māori Visual Arts.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Before the arrival of Europeans, Mount Hikurangi was within Ngāti Porous territory. In November 1990, ownership of Mount Hikurangi was returned to Ngāti Porou, who now manage the mountain, and facilitate the publics access to it.</p><br>
<h3>19th-century gold prospecting</h3><br>
<p>There were several “gold rushes” on Mount Hikurangi in the early days of European settlement. In 1874, about 100 Māori went prospecting on and around Mount Hikurangi. However, Sir James Hector, who examined the Waiapu Valley, found no signs of gold. In 1875 “Scotty” Siddons, mate of the Beautiful Star, claimed to have met a Māori person on the East Coast who had a few ounces of gold. He, and a mate named Hill, found a lot of mundic on the north-west side of the mountain, but only outcrops of limestone on the higher slopes. In 1886 Reupane te Ana, of Makarika, discovered what he fondly imagined was an enormous deposit of gold in the area. With what Joseph Angus Mackay called “noble unselfishness”, he let all his friends into the secret. Drays, wheelbarrows and receptacles of all kinds were rushed to the scene, and large quantities of the “precious metal” were removed to a safe place. When it turned out that the metal was only mundic, Reupane became an object of ridicule, and, afterwards, was known as “Tommy Poorfellow.”</p><br>
<h2>Significance to Māori</h2><br>
<p>Mount Hikurangi is of great spiritual, cultural, and physical significance to Ngāti Porou. Paikea travelled to New Zealand on the back of a whale, but Ruatapu sent a great flood to kill the survivors in New Zealand, called Te Tai a Ruatapu. Mt. Hikurangi became a refuge for the people from this deluge.</p><br>
<p>The mountain is often referenced in Ngāti Porou&#39;s karakia (incantations), waiata (songs), haka (war dances), and pēpeha or whakatauākī (proverbs). Examples of these include:</p><br>
<p>Ko Hikurangi te maunga, Ko Waiapu te awa, Ko Ngāti Porou te iwi (Hikurangi the mountain, Waiapu the river, Ngati Porou the people). Ngāti Porou&#39;s proverb of identity.</p><br>
<p>He atua! He tangata! He atua! He tangata! Ho! (Behold, it is divine! It is human! It is divine! It is human! Ah!). Referring to Mt. Hikurangi, this is from the Ngāti Porou haka, Rūaumoko, named after the earthquake god.</p><br>
<p>Whakaeteete mai ko Hikurangi (Thrusting upward, is Hikurangi). From the haka, Whakarongo ake ki te hīrea waha o Māui (Hearken to the faint call of the voice of Māui), celebrating the mythological rise of the mountain from the ocean.</p><br>
<p>He kākā tāwari ki Hikurangi, he moki ki te moana ( kākā feeding on the tāwari at Hikurangi, moki in the sea). This saying represents plentiful food.</p><br>
<p>Ka rukuruku a Te Rangi-tāwaea i ōna pūeru (Te Rangi-tāwaea dons his garments). Said when Mount Hikurangi is covered in snow.</p><br>
<p>Some famous Māori quotes involving Hikurangi include:</p><br>
<p>Ehara a Hikurangi i te maunga haere (Hikurangi is not a travelling mountain). The mountain of Hikurangi did not have a legend involving movement, and Te Kani-a-Takirau referenced this to justify his unwillingness to leave the area when he turned down the Māori Kingship, also saying he was "a king already through ancestors".</p><br>
<p>Kāti, tukua mai ki Hikurangi, ki te maunga e tauria e te huka (Enough, let him come hither to Hikurangi, to the mountain on which rests the snow). Said by Te Aotaki, instructing his tribe to welcome Tūwhakairiora, who came to avenge the murder of Poroumātā, his grandfather, and no doubt to undergo tohi (a rite to cause bravery), and possibly marry one of his daughters. Another version of the quote is Tukuna mai ki a au, ki Hikurangi, te maunga e tauria ana e te huka (Let him come to me, to Hikurangi, the mountain covered with snow).</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>The summit of Mount Hikurangi is the northernmost place where New Zealand&#39;s alpine vegetation can be seen. Among the alpine shrubs and delicate herbs found there are large buttercups (Ranunculus spp.), and prickly wild Spaniards (Aciphylla spp.).</p><br>
<p>The mountain contains the only known habitat of a small sub-alpine shrub, the Hikurangi tutu (Coriaria pottsiana), found on the grassy scree slope behind the Mount Hikurangi Tramping Hut at 37&deg;54&prime;22&Prime;S latitude, 178&deg;3&prime;31&Prime;E longitude.</p><br>
<p>Mount Hikurangi was the location of the last known mainland sighting of the North Island saddleback in 1910, before its reintroduction to the North Island on the 16th of June 2002 at Zealandia in Wellington. In Māori times, kākā would fatten themselves on the berries of the tāwari trees growing on the mountain.</p><br>
<p>The nearby Raukūmara Forest Parks forests include a wide range of podocarp-broadleaved species such as rimu, rātā, tawa, hīnau, rewarewa, kāmahi, kahikatea, miro, beech and tōtara. Native birds and animals found in the area include fantails, tūī, whio, kākā, falcons, kererū, brown kiwi, Hochstetters frogs, snails, lizards, skinks, Motuweta riparia (Raukūmara tusked wētā), and short- and long-tailed bats. Introduced animals include deer, goats, possums, pigs, cattle and mustelidae, all of which pose a threat to the native wildlife.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>Mount Hikurangi is about 130 km north of Gisborne by road. Visitors to the mountain are asked to contact Te Rūnanga o Ngāti Porou before arriving, as the track crosses their private land, which is sometimes closed for short periods for cultural or farming reasons. While there is no public vehicle or bicycle access beyond the car park near the bottom, 4x4 tours to the carvings can be organised through Te Rūnanga o Ngāti Porou, who also offer a summit guide and an overnight guide. From the car park, it is about a 7-hour walk to the summit. There is a hut for public use 4–5 hours up the mountain, but visitors must bring their own cooker and water. Bookings for the hut are also made through Te Rūnanga o Ngāti Porou. Visitors are advised to be cautious of the mountain&#39;s unpredictable weather, and to bring clothing suitable for all weather conditions.</p><br>
<p>Hunting of introduced species is permitted in the nearby Raukūmara Forest Park.</p><br>
<p>Liverpool Town Hall stands in High Street at its junction with Dale Street, Castle Street, and Water Street in Liverpool, Merseyside, England. It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade I listed building, and described in the list as "one of the finest surviving 18th-century town halls". The authors of the Buildings of England series refer to its "magnificent scale", and consider it to be "probably the grandest...suite of civic rooms in the country", and "an outstanding and complete example of late Georgian decoration".</p><br>
<p>It is not an administrative building but a civic suite, Lord Mayor&#39;s parlour and Council chamber; local government administration is centred at the nearby Municipal Buildings. The town hall was built between 1749 and 1754 to a design by John Wood the Elder replacing an earlier town hall nearby. An extension to the north designed by James Wyatt was added in 1785. Following a fire in 1795 the hall was largely rebuilt and a dome designed by Wyatt was built. Minor alterations have subsequently been made. The streets surrounding its site have altered since its initiation, notably when viewed from Castle Street, the south-side, it appears as off-centre. This is because Water Street which ran to the junction with Dale Street, the west-east axis, was continuous and built up across the junction so that the town hall was not visible originally from that aspect. The structures were removed 150 years after this to expose the building from this position.</p><br>
<p>The ground floor contains the city&#39;s Council Chamber and a Hall of Remembrance for the Liverpool servicemen killed in the First World War. The upper floor consists of a suite of lavishly decorated rooms which are used for a variety of events and functions. Conducted tours of the building are arranged for the general public and the hall is licensed for weddings.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first recorded town hall in Liverpool was in 1515 and it was probably a thatched building. It was replaced in 1673 by a building slightly to the south of the present town hall. This town hall stood on "pillars and arches of hewen stone" and under it was the exchange for merchants and traders to carry out their business.</p><br>
<p>Building of the present town hall began in 1749 on a site slightly to the north of its predecessor; its foundation stone was laid on 14 September. The architect was John Wood the Elder, who has been described as "one of the outstanding architects of the day". It was completed and opened in 1754. The ground floor acted as the exchange, and a council room and other offices were on the upper floor. Above the building was a large square dome with a cupola. The town hall was bombarded by striking seamen during the 1775 Liverpool Seamen&#39;s Revolt.</p><br>
<p>The very last act of the American Civil War was when Captain Waddell walked up the steps of the town hall in November 1865 with a letter to present to the mayor surrendering his vessel, the CSS Shenandoah, to the British government.</p><br>
<p>Improvements began in 1785 with an extension to the north designed by James Wyatt. Buildings close to the west and north sides were demolished, and John Foster prepared plans for the west façade. In 1786 Woods square dome was demolished and plans were made by Wyatt for a new dome over the central courtyard. In 1795, before the new dome was built, the hall was seriously damaged by a fire. Wyatts north extension was not significantly damaged, but Woods original building was gutted. The building was reconstructed and Wyatts new dome was added. The work was supervised by Foster and completed in 1802. Under the dome the central courtyard was replaced with a hall containing a staircase. In 1811 a portico was added to the south side. The construction and decoration of the interior was completed by about 1820.</p><br>
<p>In 1881 an attempt to blow up the town hall by the Fenians was aborted. In 1921 a room on the ground floor was made into the Hall of Remembrance to commemorate the military men from Liverpool who died in the First World War. Part of the building was damaged in the Liverpool Blitz of 1941; this restored after the end of the Second World War. Further restoration was carried out between 1993 and 1995. Between 2014 and 2015 the exterior of the building was renovated as part of a £400,000 project. The work included repairing bomb damage from the 1941 Blitz and cleaning the sandstone from the effects of pollution.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<h3>Exterior</h3><br>
<p>The town hall is built of stone with a slate roof and a lead dome.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<h4>Ground floor</h4><br>
<p>The main door in the south face leads to the Vestibule or Entrance Hall. It has a floor of encaustic tiles which include depictions of the arms of Liverpool and the liver bird.File:Liverpool Town Hall Encaustic Tiles Liverpool Arms and Moto.jpgthumbThese encaustic tiles are on the ground floor (literally!) of Liverpool Town Hall.</p><br>
<p>The Liverpool Motto is a quotation from Virgil and translates as God has given to us this leisure.</p><br>
<p>The room is panelled and on the east side is a large wooden fireplace containing 17th century Flemish carvings. It has a groin-vaulted ceiling, and in the lunettes are murals painted in 1909 depicting events in Liverpool&#39;s history. Below these are brass tablets containing the names of the freemen of Liverpool. Also in the entrance hall are bardic chairs from the two Eisteddfods held in the city.</p><br>
<p>In the centre of the ground floor is the Staircase Hall described in the Buildings of England series as "one of the great architectural spaces of Liverpool". A broad staircase rises between two pairs of Corinthian columns to a half-landing, and narrower flights climb from that on each side to the upper floor. On the ground floor on each side of the staircase are display cabinets holding the city&#39;s silver. On the half-landing is a statue of George Canning dated 1832 by Francis Chantrey, and hanging on the wall above this is a portrait of Queen Elizabeth II by Sir Edward Halliday.</p><br>
<h4>Upper floor</h4><br>
<p>All the rooms on this floor are designed for entertainment and they have connecting doors that allow for a complete circuit of the floor. The middle room on the south side of the building is the Central Reception Room. It has a circular ceiling with pendentives, and plasterwork in neoclassical style designed by Francesco Bernasconi. The room leads to the balcony overlooking Castle Street. A door to the right leads to the West Reception Room, with a segmented-vaulted ceiling; it contains a marble chimneypiece with brass and cast iron fittings. This room leads to the Dining Room which occupies the west side of the building. It has been described as "the most sumptuous room in the building". Around the room are Corinthian pilasters. The plaster ceiling has moulded compartments and under these is a frieze decorated with scrolls, urns and crouching dogs. The roundels between the capitals of the pilasters contain paintings of pairs of cupids.</p><br>
<p>The next room on the circuit is a small room which leads into the Large Ballroom. This occupies the whole of Wyatts north extension and measures 89 ft by 42 ft; the ceiling is 40 ft high. Around the room are Corinthian pilasters and on each of the shorter walls is a massive mirror. In the south wall is a niche for musicians, over which is a coffered semi-dome; on each side of this is a white marble chimneypiece. Hanging from the ceiling are "three of the finest Georgian chandeliers in Europe&quot each is 28 ft high, contains 20,000 pieces of cut glass crystal, and weighs over one ton. They were made in Staffordshire in 1820. The floor is a maple sprung dance floor. Most of the east side of the hall is occupied by the Small Ballroom, also known as the East Reception Room or Music Room. This room is surrounded by pilasters and at each end is a shallow apse; the apse in the north wall has two niches for musicians. Suspended from the ceiling are three 19th century chandeliers. Completing the circuit is the East Reception Room, similar in style to the West Reception Room. The rooms contain a number of portraits; one of these is of James Maury, Americas first consul.</p><br>
<h2>Current use and surroundings</h2><br>
<p>Liverpool City Council meets every seven weeks in the Council Chambers to conduct the business of the city. The town hall is open to the general public each month when conducted tours take place. The hall is licensed for weddings and, in addition to providing a venue for the ceremony, catering facilities can be supplied for a reception or a meal. Catering is also available for other events and functions.</p><br>
<p>Immediately to the north of the town hall is a paved square known as Exchange Flags; this is surrounded on all sides by modern office buildings. In the square is the Nelson Monument, celebrating the achievements of Horatio Nelson. It is a Grade II* listed building and is the earliest surviving public monument in the city.</p><br>
<p>Tower Grove Park is a municipal park in the city of St. Louis, Missouri. Most of its land was donated to the city by Henry Shaw in 1868. It is on 289 acres  adjacent to the Missouri Botanical Garden, another of Shaw’s legacies. It extends 1.6 miles from west to east, between Kingshighway Boulevard and Grand Boulevard. It is bordered on the north by Magnolia Avenue and on the south by Arsenal Street.</p><br>
<h2>Environment and facilities</h2><br>
<p>The park features 11 pavilions of picturesque design, most dating from the Victorian era, which provide shady rests from which visitors can enjoy the many lovely views and tables and benches for picnics. The landscape includes a lily pond and formal plantings; the Piper Palm House, a bandstand, the site of music and other special events; as well as tennis courts; a wading pool for small children; open expanses of green; softball diamonds and soccer fields; paths for walkers, joggers, and cyclists, and tall specimen trees and a great variety of bushes. The park has been designated a National Historic Landmark as one of the nation&#39;s finest examples of a late 19th-century public park.</p><br>
<p>The park is home to nearly 400 species of trees, bushes, and flowering plants. It is a well-known birdwatching area, particularly during the spring and fall bird migration seasons. It is part of the Mississippi Flyway and migrating birds rest in the park along their journey. Forty percent of North American songbirds and waterbirds use this route. Examples are many types of warblers, orioles, and Canada geese.</p><br>
<h2>Statues</h2><br>
<p>There are several statues from the 1800s along the central corridor of the park. There is a full likeness of Alexander von Humboldt, the German naturalist, geographer and explorer, and one of William Shakespeare the English playwright, both from 1878 and sculpted by German sculptor Ferdinand Freiherr von Miller. von Miller also produced a statue of the Italian navigator and explorer Christopher Columbus that was dedicated in 1886, and placed near the gates and entrance from Grand Avenue.</p><br>
<p>Around the bandstand there are white marble busts of some famous musical composers mounted on columns. Mozart and Rossini by Howard Kretschmar from 1882, Beethoven and Wagner by Ferdinand von Miller from 1884, and Gounod and Verdi by Carlo Nicoli from 1886.</p><br>
<p>There is a smaller scale statue of Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben, the German born military officer and American Revolution volunteer, near the Palm house. Steuben later became an American citizen and figure to German Americans. The original, larger statue (by the German sculptor Cuno von Uechtritz-Steinkirch) was commissioned for the 1904 World&#39;s Fair. The current version was placed in Tower Grove Park in 1968.</p><br>
<p>Two zinc statues of stags, en couchant and on pedestals, face each other across Center Cross Drive, just west of the Piper Palm House.</p><br>
<h2>Events</h2><br>
<p>Many events, from picnics to weddings, are held in the park throughout the year. During the summer, a number of large festivals are held in the park, including ones featuring themes such as international culture and paganism Since 2005, from May through October, a farmers&#39; market is held from 8:30-12:30 Saturday mornings just west of the Wading Pool Pavilion. It features local and organic farmers offering fresh produce and meats, baked goods and preserves, as well as prepared foods and drinks, teas and coffees, with stalls for craftsmen and artisans as well.</p><br>
<h2>Photos of pavilions</h2><br>
<p>The Portland Observatory is a historic maritime signal tower at 138 Congress Street in the Munjoy Hill section of Portland, Maine. Built in 1807, it is the only known surviving tower of its type in the United States. Using both a telescope and signal flags, two-way communication between ship and shore was possible several hours before an incoming vessel reached the docks. The tower was designated a National Historic Landmark in 2006; it is now managed by a local nonprofit as a museum, and is open to the public.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Portland has a deep harbor sheltered by numerous islands. Ships entering the harbor are not directly visible from the wharfs, which created problems for merchants trying to prepare for the arrival of cargoes. This problem was solved in 1807 when Captain Lemuel Moody organized the construction of an observatory on Portland&#39;s Munjoy Hill, visible from both the open ocean and the wharfs. During the War of 1812, the observatory was used as a watch tower.</p><br>
<h2>About the observatory</h2><br>
<p>The 86-foot (26 m) tall observatory (7 stories) is octagonal (to lessen wind pressure on each side) and lighthouse-shaped, with a fieldstone base of heavy loose rocks, and stands 222 feet (68 m) above sea level. There is no basement but the rock ballast in the bottom floor and octagonal design have kept the structure steady during storms. The observatorys lantern&#39; (cupola) included a P & J Dolland Achromatic Refracting Telescope, which could identify ships 30 miles (48 km) to sea. That telescope disappeared from the observatory in 1939.</p><br>
<p>The observatory has been renovated numerous times over the years, including a Works Progress Administration renovation in 1939. It was most recently renovated from 1998-2000 to repair damage from moisture and powderpost beetles. This renovation won a 2001 National Preservation Honor Award from the National Trust for Historic Preservation. The center column was not an original feature, and was added in the 1939 renovation. In 2014 additional repairs to the windows and shingles were underway.</p><br>
<p>The observatory was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972. In 2006, the observatory was made a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<h3>Past Operation</h3><br>
<p>The Portland Observatory is the only remaining maritime signal station in the United States. Tower operations were paid with annual fees collected from shipping merchants, who purchased the right to have their flags stored in the building and hoisted up its flagstaffs when their ships were sighted. A telephone was eventually installed, extending the tower&#39;s function until 1923, when the reliability of engine powered vessels and communication by radio made it obsolete.</p><br>
<p>In 1937 the tower was turned over to the city. Between the time of its closure and the 1990s, the building was often unlocked and popular among area children. Some older area residents have fond memories of playing in the building and the initials some of them carved into the wood are still visible. The latest major restoration left as much of the original wood as possible in place. This is distinguished by its dark stain while the replacement wood was left its original lighter color.</p><br>
<h3>Current operation</h3><br>
<p>Greater Portland Landmarks, a non-profit organization, maintains the building. Guided tours with discussion about the history of the building and the neighborhood are provided by volunteer docents from Memorial Day to Columbus Day for a small fee. On very clear days the view from the cupola&#39;s balcony extends from the seaward horizon as far inland as Mount Washington.</p><br>
<p>The Mutha River is a river in western Maharashtra, India. It arises in the Western Ghats and flows eastward until it merges with the Mula River in the city of Pune. It has been dammed twice, first at the Panshet Dam , used as a source of drinking water for Pune city and irrigation. The water released here is dammed again at Khadakwasla and is an important source of drinking water for Pune. One more dam has been built later on the Mutha river at Temghar.</p><br>
<p>After merging with the Mula River in Pune, it flows on as the Mula-Mutha River to join the Bhima River.</p><br>
<p>In 2014, the Government of Maharashtra announced that the Pune Municipal Corporation would build new Sewage treatment plants to ensure that no sewage would be dumped into the river.</p><br>
<p>Lake Attitash is a lake located on the border of Merrimac, Massachusetts and Amesbury, Massachusetts, and constitutes at least a portion of Amesbury&#39;s water supply.</p><br>
<p>There are beaches both on the Amesbury and Merrimac shores. Merrimacs beach is known as Indian Head Park. The lake was formerly known as "Kimballs Pond".</p><br>
<p>The lake is popular with seasonal tourists, as well as residents. It is normally safe for swimming. Boats are allowed on the lake.</p><br>
<p>This shallow, 360 acre enlarged natural great pond has a maximum depth of 30 ft and an average depth of 11 ft. The shoreline is extensively developed; roads and cottages, two or three rows deep in places, virtually ring the entire lake, as well as a summer boys&#39; camp, and at least two boat docks. There are literally hundreds of boats of all types and sizes.</p><br>
<p>The only significant weed beds are located in the inlet and outlet coves.</p><br>
<p>Public access for boating has been created by the Massachusetts Office of Fishing and Boating Access (formerly known as the Public Access Board) by constructing a parking lot and launching ramp. The parking lot can accommodate nearly two dozen vehicles.</p><br>
<p>INFO BELOW IS FROM 1993</p><br>
<p>The last fisheries survey – conducted in 1978 – located nine of the 11 species known to be present in this water. Largemouth bass and chain pickerel are common and appear at least moderately fished. Pumpkinseeds dominate the fishery, although white perch and brown bullhead are very common.</p><br>
<p>Northern pike were stocked here in 1979, 1985, 1986 and 1988, and will continue to be stocked in the future.</p><br>
<p>Although Attitash is a good largemouth bass and chain pickerel water, it is primarily known as one of the best northern pike waters in the Northeast District. Pike in excess of 20 pounds have been reported from here.</p><br>
<p>The heavy recreational use this lake supports during the summer months basically precludes fishing. However, bass and panfish anglers enjoy good action during the spring and fall months, and ice fishermen avidly pursue the pike resource in winter. Fishing pressure is particularly high during the winter. Various local tournaments often bring out crowds of ice fishermen on weekends.</p><br>
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<p>Poliochne, often cited under its modern name Poliochni , was an ancient settlement on the east coast of the island of Lemnos. It was settled in the Late Chalcolithic and earliest Aegean Bronze Age and is believed to be one of the most ancient towns in Europe, preceding Troy I. Anatolian features of the earliest layers were affected by cultural influences from Helladic Greece, about the start of Early Helladic II, ca. 2500 BC.</p><br>
<p>The site, with houses huddled together sharing party walls, was unearthed by excavations of the Italian School of Archaeology at Athens (Scuola archeologica Italiana di Athene), beginning in 1930.Site publications, such as S. Tibne, A.G. Benevuti, et al., Oi neoteres anaskaphese sten Poliochne, Athens 1994, and C.G.</p><br>
<p>Doumas and V. La Rosa (eds.), He Poliochne kai he proime epoche tou Chalkou sto Voreio Aigaio/Poliochni e lantica et del bronzo nellEgeo settentrionale have appeared in Greek/Italian. It is believed that Troy was its main rival commercially; a rivalry that led to the decline of Poliochne circa 2000 BC.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology</h2><br>
<p>Following initial soundings, regular campaigns at Poliochne were undertaken under A. Della Seta in 1931-36, when they were suspended. Following Della Seta&#39;s death, excavations were resumed in 1951-53, 1956 and 1960.</p><br>
<p>During 1994-1997, Greek archaeologists discovered a more recent Bronze Age settlement on the tiny uninhabited island of Koukonesi situated in the Moudros harbour, west of Poliochne. This settlement was developed circa 2000-1650 BC, and the findings again prove commercial ties with Asia Minor, and with Aegean islands and mainland Greece. Mycenaean ceramics of the 13th century BC found on Koukonesi could prove that, around the traditional era of the Trojan War took place, the Greeks had a permanent settlement there, rather than just a commercial outpost, understanding the importance of the straits connecting the Aegean and the Black Sea.</p><br>
<p>The San Francisco Peaks are a volcanic mountain range in north central Arizona, just north of Flagstaff and a remnant of the former San Francisco Mountain. The highest summit in the range, Humphreys Peak, is the highest point in the state of Arizona at 12,633 ft in elevation. The San Francisco Peaks are the remains of an eroded stratovolcano. An aquifer within the caldera supplies much of Flagstaff&#39;s water while the mountain itself is in the Coconino National Forest, a popular recreation site. The Arizona Snowbowl ski area is on the western slopes of Humphreys Peak, and has been the subject of major controversy involving several tribes and environmental groups.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The six highest individual peaks in Arizona are contained in the range:</p><br>
<p>Humphreys Peak, 12,633 ft</p><br>
<p>Agassiz Peak, 12,356 ft</p><br>
<p>Fremont Peak, 11,969 ft</p><br>
<p>Aubineau Peak, 11,838 ft</p><br>
<p>Rees Peak, 11,474 ft</p><br>
<p>Doyle Peak, 11,460 ft</p><br>
<p>The mountain provides a number of recreational opportunities, including wintertime snow skiing and hiking the rest of the year. Hart Prairie is a popular hiking area and Nature Conservancy preserve located below the mountain&#39;s ski resort, Arizona Snowbowl.</p><br>
<p>Humphreys Peak (latitude 35°2047" N) and Agassiz Peak (latitude 35°1933" N) are the two farthest south-lying mountain peaks in the contiguous United States which rise to a height of more than 12,000 feet above sea level.</p><br>
<p>Prior to its collapse due to a lateral eruption to the northeast (around 200,000 years ago) and subsequent glacial erosion, the San Francisco Peaks fully matured elevation is estimated to have been around 16,000 feet.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1629, 147 years before San Francisco, California, received that name, Spanish friars founded a mission at a Hopi Indian village in honor of St. Francis, 65 miles from the peaks. Seventeenth century Franciscans at Oraibi village gave the name San Francisco to the peaks to honor St. Francis of Assisi, the founder of their order.</p><br>
<p>The mountain man Antoine Leroux visited the San Francisco Peaks in the mid-1850s, and guided several American expeditions exploring and surveying northern Arizona. Leroux guided them to the only reliable spring, one on the western side of the peaks, which was later named Leroux Springs.</p><br>
<p>Around 1877, John Willard Young, a son of the Mormon leader Brigham Young, claimed the area around Leroux Springs, and he built Fort Moroni, a log stockade, to house railroad tie-cutters for the Atlantic & Pacific Railroad, which was then being built across northern Arizona.</p><br>
<p>In 1898, USA President William McKinley established the San Francisco Mountain Forest Reserve, at the request of Gifford Pinchot, the head of the USA Division of Forestry. The local reaction was hostile—citizens of Williams, Arizona, protested and the Williams News editorialized that the reserve "virtually destroys Coconino County." In 1908, the San Francisco Mountain Forest Reserve became a part of the new Coconino National Forest.</p><br>
<p>In 2002, Arizona Snowbowl, the ski resort on the peaks, proposed a plan to expand and begin snowmaking using reclaimed water made of treated sewage effluent. A coalition of Indian tribes and environmental groups sued the Coconino National Forest, which leases the land to the ski resort, in an attempt to stop the proposed expansion, citing serious impacts to traditional culture, public health, and the environment. Notable protesters include Navajo musician Klee Benally, singer/guitarist for the punk rock band Blackfire, who has been arrested for disorderly conduct during his ten years of protests. As of 2012, a federal appeals court ruled in favor of Arizona Snowbowl, and wastewater to snow conversion began in the 2012-2013 ski season.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<p>The biologist Clinton Hart Merriam studied these mountains and surrounding areas in 1889, describing a set of six life zones found from the bottom of the Grand Canyon to the summit of the mountains, based on elevation, latitude, and average precipitation. He designated their characteristic flora, as follows:</p><br>
<p>Lower Sonoran Zone - Sonoran Desert plants</p><br>
<p>Upper Sonoran Zone - pinyon and juniper woodlands</p><br>
<p>Transition Zone - ponderosa pine forests</p><br>
<p>Canadian Zone - mixed conifer forest</p><br>
<p>Hudsonian Zone - spruce-fir or subalpine conifer forest</p><br>
<p>Arctic-Alpine Zone - alpine tundra</p><br>
<p>Merriam considered that these life zones could be extended to cover all the world&#39;s vegetation types with the addition of only one more zone, the tropical zone.</p><br>
<p>The San Francisco Peaks themselves contain four of the six life zones. The four life zones which are found along the slopes of the San Francisco Peaks are listed below along with their approximate elevation ranges, dominant tree species found within each of the four life zones, and average annual precipitation of each life zone:</p><br>
<p>Ponderosa pine forests &mdash; The elevation of the zone ranges from approximately 6000 to 8500 ft. The dominant tree species is the southwestern ponderosa pine (Pinus brachyptera Engel.). Gambel oak (Quercus gambelii) is a common associate of the ponderosa pine at lower elevations in the forest along with New Mexico locust (Robina neomexicana). At higher elevations, associates include southwestern white pine (Pinus strobiformis), Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir, (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca), Rocky Mountain white fir (Abies concolor var. concolor), and quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides). The average annual precipitation in this zone is 18 to 26 in.</p><br>
<p>Mixed conifer forest &mdash; The elevation of this zone ranges from approximately 8000 to 9500 ft. Species such as Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca), white fir (Abies concolor), limber pine (Pinus flexilis var. reflexa), blue spruce. (Picea pungens), and less commonly Southwestern white pine (Pinus flexilis) form mixed stands in this community, with Ponderosa pine (Pinus brachyptera Engel.) joining the mix on warmer slopes. The average annual precipitation in the mixed conifer forest is 25 to 30 in.</p><br>
<p>Subalpine conifer forest &mdash; The elevation of this zone varies from approximately 9500 to 11500 ft feet. The dominant tree species of this zone are Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii subsp. engelmannii), corkbark fir (Abies lasiocarpa var. arizonica), quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) and the Rocky Mountain bristlecone pine. (Pinus aristata). The average annual precipitation in the subalpine forest is 30 to 40 in.</p><br>
<p>Alpine tundra &mdash; The San Francisco Peaks are the home of the only alpine tundra environment in Arizona, occupying 1,200 acres above 10,600 ft. Only a few small herbaceous plants have established themselves in the tundra. One of these species, is the endemic and threatened San Francisco Peaks groundsel (Packera franciscana), which is found nowhere else in the world. The average annual precipitation in the tundra is 35 to 40 in.</p><br>
<h2>In native culture</h2><br>
<p>The San Francisco Peaks have considerable religious significance to thirteen local American Indian tribes (including the Havasupai, Navajo, Hopi, and Zuni.) In particular, the peaks form the Navajo sacred mountain of the west, called. The peaks are associated with the color yellow, and they are said to contain abalone inside, to be secured to the ground with a sunbeam, and to be covered with yellow clouds and evening twilight. They are gendered female.</p><br>
<p>For the Hopi people, the San Francisco Peaks are associated with the intercardinal direction southwest. They constitute ritually pure sacred spaces, and are used as sources for ceremonial objects. The alignment of the sunset from the peaks to Hopi villages on Black Mesa is used to calculate the winter solstice, signifying "the beginning of a new year, with a new planting season and new life." The peaks are seen as the home of the katsinam or kachina spirits, ancestors who have become clouds following their death. Katsinam are invited to Hopi villages to serve as ethical and spiritual guides to the Hopi community from midwinter to midsummer. Aaloosaktukwi or Humphreys Peak holds particular religious significance and is associated with the deity Aaloosaka, a symbol of the Two-Horn Society, a religious group among the Hopi dating to the occupation of the Awat’ovi village on Antelope Mesa. Depiction of the peaks in association with calendar-keeping is attested in a kiva at the Hisatsinom settlement of Homolovi, which was occupied from 1250 to 1425; katsinam imagery dates to the 13th century as well. Other Native American peoples also relate kachina spirits to heavy snowfalls on the peaks.</p><br>
<p>There are several names for the San Francisco Peaks in local languages:</p><br>
<p>—(Navajo) ("Dookooosłííd," which means "the summit which never melts" or "the mountain which peak never thaws.")</p><br>
<p>Nuvatukyaovi—(Hopi) (Nuvatukyaovi, which means "place-of-snow-on-the-very-top")</p><br>
<p>Dził Tso—Dilzhe’e—(Apache)</p><br>
<p>Tsii Bina—Aa&#39;ku—(Acoma)</p><br>
<p>Nuvaxatuh—Nuwuvi—(Southern Paiute)</p><br>
<p>Hvehasahpatch or Huassapatch—Havasu &#39;Baaja—(Havasupai)</p><br>
<p>Wik&#39;hanbaja—Hwal`bay—(Hualapai)</p><br>
<p>Wi:mun Kwa—Yavapai</p><br>
<p>Sunha K&#39;hbchu Yalanne—A:shiwi (Zuni)</p><br>
<p>Amat Iikwe Nyava—Hamakhav—(Mojave)</p><br>
<p>Sierra sin Agua—(Spanish)</p><br>
<p>The Peaks—(Anglo) Arizonans</p><br>
<p>The Reformed Church of Newtown is a historic Reformed church located in the Elmhurst neighborhood of Queens, New York. The church was first established by Dutch immigrants in 1731. The neighborhood had been established in 1652 by the Dutch as Middenburgh, a village suburb of New Amsterdam . After the English took over the Dutch colony of New Netherland in 1664, the village was renamed New Town, later simplified to Newtown. When Newtown was renamed Elmhurst in the late 1890s, the church retained its original name, a name still also carried by the local high school and subway station.</p><br>
<p>The Reformed Church of Newtown is a congregation in the Queens classis of the New York regional synod of the Reformed Church in America (RCA). Founded in 1628, the Reformed Church of America is the oldest Protestant Christian denomination in the United States.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>The church building</h3><br>
<p>The original Federal-Greek Revival style building, completed in 1735, had survived the struggles of the colonial days and the disruptions of the American Revolutionary War (during which the British seized it for use as an armory). It was replaced in 1832 by the present sanctuary, which is a designated landmark building.Peterson, Iver "Battle Looms on Landmarked Churches; Preservationists Fear Charter Changes Will Undercut the Law Battle Looms Over Landmarking Church Properties"</p><br>
<p>New York Times (1857-Current file). New York, N.Y.: December 3, 1989. pg. R1, 2. The cornerstone of the original building can still be seen in the foundation of its present structure. The sanctuary and adjoining fellowship hall are, as noted by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission, "one of the few all wood church groups remaining in the City."</p><br>
<h3>The congregation</h3><br>
<p>As the needs of the church and community changed, staffing was increased, structural improvements were made, and the preaching shifted from Dutch to English. In 1956, for its 225th anniversary, President Dwight D. Eisenhower visited the church. For this occasion, the Reverend A. Nelson Doak compiled a brief history of the parish and ended by saying, "May her doors never be shut. Keep them wide open with a welcome to all humanity: saints and sinners, rich and poor, black, brown, yellow, and white," referring to the different ethnic groups in Elmhurst.</p><br>
<p>The Reformed Church of Newtown Complex was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>In 1980, as Elmhurst was changing complexion, Rev. Doak&#39;s hope for Newtown Church began to be fulfilled. His successor, the Rev. David Boyce, perceiving the changing needs of the community, initiated a worship service for Taiwanese immigrants and later another service for the increasing population of Tamil-speaking Indians in the area.</p><br>
<p>The originally Dutch church now had services in English, Taiwanese, and Tamil. The Tamil ministry was sadly crippled by the untimely death of their minister, the Rev. Paul Theodore, but some Tamil members incorporated themselves into the English service and remained with the congregation. Meanwhile, the Taiwanese ministry, led by a dynamic and multilingual pastor, the Rev. Bill H.C. Lee, soon outnumbered Newtowns Caucasian congregants, as the membership more than doubled from 1981 to 1982. The Taiwanese had entered in, not as a distinct congregation, but as an additional ministry under the authority of Newtowns leadership. As full members, they voted and soon obtained seats on the church&#39;s consistory. Although there can technically be only one “senior pastor” in an RCA parish, Pastor Boyce, recognizing the unique circumstances of the day, had innovatively elevated Lee to be an equal “co-pastor” with him.</p><br>
<p>In 1995, Newtown reached wider still, when the Rev. David K.T. Su, who was being groomed to succeed the aging Rev. Lee, instituted a third worship service in Mandarin Chinese, the lingua franca of the Chinese world. Efforts by the church to fulfill the Scriptural call to be "a house of prayer for all peoples" have thus resulted in a Taiwanese service, a Mandarin service, and a multi-cultural English service—in which Asians, Latinos, and Caucasian Americans worship together—being held each Sunday. At the present time, the Taiwanese and Mandarin-speaking Chinese in the congregation are both ministered to by the Rev. David Su and the Rev. Dr. Tien-Heng Chiu, and the English-speaking congregants are led by Pastor Chris Koch.</p><br>
<p>The Reformed Church of Newtown has also produced several ministers for the Reformed Church of America in recent decades: the Rev. I. Douglas Estella (ordained 1986) and the Rev. Ben Lin (ordained 1997), both sons of Newtown Church.</p><br>
<p>Tempe Town Lake is a reservoir that occupies a portion of the dry riverbed of the Salt River as it passes through the city of Tempe, Arizona just north of Tempe Butte.</p><br>
<p>On July 20, 2010, a portion of the west side of the dam that contained the water in the lake collapsed sending a flood of water into the Salt River bed which drained the lake.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In March 1989, Tempe adopted the Rio Salado Master Plan which represented the culmination of more than 20 years of environmental land planning. Studies of water quality and usage, the Mill Avenue Bridges and ASU recreation ensued and programming began. A groundbreaking ceremony near Tempe Beach Park marked the beginning of construction of the river channelization. The Rio Salado Master Plan showed a Town Lake concept with a continuous body of water between the north and south shores. Previously, the lake concept included islands; this concept was modified to meet the flow capacity of the river channel.</p><br>
<p>In 1995, the City added more staff to the team dedicated to the Rio Salado project and began construction of a mile long bike path along the south bank of the river. The path features public art at a number of spots along the way. The city began the Town Lake design report and completed another financial capacity study and landscape designs for portions of the parks. The next year, the consultant completed construction drawings for the Tempe Town Lake and the City designated 800 acre of area including the lake as Rio Salado Park. On March 19, 1997, requests for bids were sent out for the lake construction. The city awarded contacts for construction of the lake on June 12, and groundbreaking ceremonies were held on August 8.</p><br>
<p>Water from the Central Arizona Project (CAP) started flowing into Tempe Town Lake on June 2, 1999, and by July 14, the lake was declared full. On November 7, Tempe Town Lake was opened to the public.</p><br>
<h2>Tempe Beach Park</h2><br>
<p>Originally built in 1931, Tempe Beach Park was completely renovated in 1999 as part of the construction of Town Lake. The park connects to the 5 mi of paths for bicycling, jogging or in-line skating that circle Town Lake.</p><br>
<h3>Activities</h3><br>
<p>The historic baseball field plays host to baseball and softball games, as well as carnival games.</p><br>
<p>In 2002, the $1.3 million Splash Playground was opened in Tempe Beach Park. The 1 acre playground is both a way for kids to have fun in the water, and to learn about the water cycle. Only about two inches of water will pool in parts of the park. The water is kept flowing across the playground, where it is eventually collected, filtered, cleaned, and re-circulated in a state-of-the-art system.</p><br>
<p>The amphitheater accommodates 5,000 people for concerts or outdoor trade shows.</p><br>
<p>Rio Salado Cruise Company operates its boat concession out of the beach park.(No longer functional)</p><br>
<p>The Arizona State University Sailing Club, the Arizona Yacht Club and private boat owners sail out of the Tempe Town Lake Marina on the north bank of the lake.</p><br>
<p>Several rowing clubs practice and race on the lake, including Rio Salado Rowing Club, Arizona State University&#39;s Rowing Club, Tempe Town Lake Rowing, and Tempe Junior Crew, as well as many private owners. All boat owners must have licenses.</p><br>
<p>The Arizona Dragon Boat Association, the Gila Dragons Dragon Boat Team and several Outrigger Clubs all have their home on the lake.</p><br>
<h3>Events</h3><br>
<p>Annual events at Tempe Beach Park include the Fiesta Bowl New Year&#39;s Eve Block Party, Circle K Tempe Music Festival, Oktoberfest, APS Fantasy of Lights, Fourth of July fireworks show, and AVP Pro Beach Volleyball (now held in Glendale as of 2007).</p><br>
<p>The lake is used for the Tempe International Triathlon each May.</p><br>
<p>Tempe hosts the Ironman Arizona Triathlon in November of each year. The 2.4 mi swim portion of the race is held in Tempe town lake.</p><br>
<p>Several regattas for rowing, sailing, and kayaking occur throughout the year. There is also the annual Rowers Triathlon, which consists of a 4,000 meter erg piece, body circuits, and a five kilometer run.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The lake was completed in 1999, using inflatable rubber barriers in the riverbed to confine water within its boundaries. It is nearly 2 mi long, with an average surface area of 224 acre, and an average depth of 16 ft, for a total average volume of 977 e6gal. The maximum depth of the lake reaches 19 ft. The lake was initially filled with 3,800,000 m&sup3; of water purchased from the Central Arizona Project. Evaporation and other water losses of 6,400 m&sup3; per day are compensated through additional purchase of CAP water, exchanges of reclaimed water, and long-term storage credits. Seepage losses are virtually nil, thanks to a system that recaptures virtually all seepage and pumps it back into the lake.</p><br>
<p>A park surrounds the area, along with office and residential highrises such as SouthBank, Grigio, Northshore Condominiums, Onyx Tower Condominiums, Rio West, Plaza Del Rio and Hayden Ferry Lakeside. The lake is used for practice by the ASU rowing team. The lake has fishing, boating (by permit and by day rental which can be purchased at the Rio Salado Operations Center), and an excursion cruise, the "Rio Salado Cruise." The lake also hosts a small marina on the northern shore. Tempe Beach Park is home to several major annual events including Tempe&#39;s yearly Independence Day Celebrations and the Tempe Music Festival.</p><br>
<h2>Fishing</h2><br>
<p>Tempe Town Lake is stocked with rainbow trout on a monthly basis from November to February. Other species found in the lake naturally include largemouth bass, yellow bass, tilapia, carp, channel catfish and bluegill. An Arizona fishing license is required to fish in the lake. All motor vehicles are required to have a four stroke marine engine.</p><br>
<h2>Dam</h2><br>
<h3>Description</h3><br>
<p>The dams are made up of three main elements:</p><br>
<p>Strong, flexible, rubber coated fabric tube which is fixed securely to a concrete base slab by clamping bars and anchor bolts</p><br>
<p>An operating system which controls inflation and deflation of the tube</p><br>
<p>An automatic safety device which ensures tube deflation in flood situations.</p><br>
<p>Each section of dam, or bladder, is about 240 ft long, weighs 80,000 lb, and is more than 1 in thick. At times, a small amount of water can be seen flowing over the top of the west dams, creating a 19 ft waterfall. This water can be recaptured by a recirculation system and pumped back into the lake.</p><br>
<p>The east dams are 5 ft high and sit on a 2 ft concrete base. The west dams are 16 ft high and sit on a 3 ft base.</p><br>
<p>Tempe&#39;s dams are computer controlled and maintain air pressure of 6 psi. They can be controlled individually to within 1/2 in and can be lowered incrementally depending on the flood conditions. Due to rapid deterioration of the west dams, the City of Tempe has worked out an agreement to replace them with manufacturer Bridgestone. Replacement costs are expected to reach $2.5 million USD. Work was scheduled to begin in spring 2010 in conjunction with a new $6.3 million USD pedestrian bridge that will cross over the tops of the west dams. However, due to the high amount of rainfall in the winter and upstream runoff in the spring, the project had been postponed until July.</p><br>
<p>In 2014 Tempe began construction on a new dam 100 ft west of the current dam, to be completed over 18 months and finished in late 2015. The dam will feature seven steel gates, the largest of their kind in the world at over 100 ft long and weighing 230,000 lb.</p><br>
<h3>Dam break</h3><br>
<p>At approximately 9:45 pm MST on July 20, 2010, one section of the inflatable dam on the west end burst, thus releasing water up to 15,000 ft3/s into the normally dry Salt River bed. The lake began draining immediately. Emergency workers rushed to clear the area and the lake&#39;s outdoor warning sirens started wailing, both within minutes. By the next morning the lake had lost about three fourths of its normal water. The dam breach left some areas of the lake with three feet of water or less; the average lake depth is about 16 ft. Most of the 10,000 fish in the lake were swept downstream, but those that remained were expected to die within five days; fishing was not expected to resume until a year after the lake refilled.</p><br>
<p>City officials indicated that they expected to reopen the lake by November 1, and that if the lake is reopened by then, that the dam collapse&#39;s economic impact will be "fairly light." The city indicated that replacements for two of the remaining bladders have already been delivered, and will be installed as soon as possible. The replacement for the failed section was delivered to Tempe by the middle of August. The city built a cofferdam to allow the lake to be refilled while the northernmost bladder was replaced at a later date.</p><br>
<p>Some of the fish that had temporarily survived the dam break and were left stranded in shallow pools of water in the lake bed were scooped out and fed to a captive 6 ft alligator in the parking lot of the Tempe Center for the Arts on Friday, July 23. Most of the fish removed from the lake were to be fed to other denizens of the Phoenix Herpetological Society, where the alligator has lived since 2005.</p><br>
<p>On October 8, 2010, SRP crews began refilling the lake. Water used to refill the lake was brought down the Salt River reservoir system from Roosevelt Lake east of the Phoenix area. Tempe officials elected to use a portion their allotment of lake water since it was filled to capacity at the time. This method saved the city hundreds of thousands of dollars versus the alternative of filling it with Colorado River water from the CAP. After about two and a half weeks, the lake was reopened for normal water activities on October 26, 2010.</p><br>
<h2>Notable water releases</h2><br>
<p>The Salt River bed in the Phoenix metropolitan area is often either dry or flowing to a trickle, with the river&#39;s water being entirely diverted to agricultural and other uses upriver. Since Tempe Town Lake uses artificial structures and the natural riverbed to form the lake, the inflatable dams confining the lake must be lowered in periods of high runoff to permit the passage of the Salt River itself. The lake has released water on multiple occasions as the river levels rise normally due to heavy rain or winter snow run off.</p><br>
<p>On December 31, 2004, the eastern dam was lowered for the first time since its construction. Heavy rains in the Salt River watershed required the release of 570 m&sup3; of water per second into the Salt River. The dams are designed to handle a maximum flow of 1,800 m3/s. Additional releases occurred in February 2005, January 2008 and February 2009.</p><br>
<h2>Tempe Town Lake Bridge</h2><br>
<p>The Valley Metro Light Rail project began building this bridge (designed by T. Y. Lin International) over Tempe Town Lake, starting in the first quarter of 2005. The lighting ceremony for the bridge, which was the celebration for the completion of the most important parts of the bridge, was held on Saturday, December 9, 2006 during the APS Fantasy of Lights Boat Parade. The project has been completed as of December 27, 2008, when the light rail line was officially opened to the public. The LED light display that occurs each time a train passes overhead at dark casts varying colors onto the lake, increasing the aesthetic quality of the bridge at night.</p><br>
<p>Saguaro Lake is the fourth reservoir on the Salt River formed by the Stewart Mountain Dam in the U.S. state of Arizona. The lake is off State Route 87, about halfway between Phoenix and the ghost town of Sunflower. The dammed end of the lake is at {{coord|33.5656|N|111.5361|W|type:waterbody_region:US-AZ}}, at an elevation of 1,506 ft. This lake is within the Tonto National Forest, as such the facilities located here are managed by that authority.</p><br>
<h2>Fish species</h2><br>
<p>* Rainbow trout</p><br>
<p>* Largemouth bass</p><br>
<p>* Smallmouth bass</p><br>
<p>* Yellow bass</p><br>
<p>* Crappie</p><br>
<p>* Sunfish</p><br>
<p>* Channel catfish</p><br>
<p>* Walleye</p><br>
<p>* Tilapia</p><br>
<p>* Yellow perch</p><br>
<p>* Carp</p><br>
<p>The River Leach is a river tributary to the River Thames, in England which runs mostly in Gloucestershire. It is approximately 18 miles  long, springing from the limestone uplands of the Cotswolds. In parts of its course it becomes a seasonal bourn, only running above ground when there is sufficient rainfall. Despite its small size it gives its name to two towns and a pair of villages.</p><br>
<h2>Sources</h2><br>
<p>The source of the Leach is in the village of Hampnett, about ten miles east of Cheltenham just south of the A40 road. The source spring is enclosed by stonework and pours from a pipe. It seems likely that this spring in a sheltered valley on the Cotswold uplands was the original reason for the existence of the village of Hampnett. According to residents, this section runs all year round.</p><br>
<h2>Early stream</h2><br>
<p>After running a mile down its limestone valley, the Leach reaches Northleach, the first settlement to which it gives its name. The river enters Northleach to the south west, where it gushes out of a Victorian conduit just below the Fosse Way. At this point it is also known as the Seven Springs. The site of the first watermill on the river is in a part of Northleach called Mill End. A section of the river is confined into mill race type stonework, close to the churchyard and runs behind houses marking the town boundary. The river can next be seen at a road bridge at the end of the town. It is still little more than ditch-sized, and as such continues down the valley to the hamlet of Eastington running alongside a lane before passing through a culvert and away through grazing land.</p><br>
<h2>Seasonal bourn</h2><br>
<p>The river runs behind Lodge Park, a National Trust property, and through Larkethill Wood, where it flows under another lane, before passing Kilkenny Farm.</p><br>
<p>The Leach valley shows as a substantial dip in the B4425 Cirencester-Burford road. The river has an embankment at the bottom of the valley, but has not increased in size. Through all this section the river is often nearly invisible under summer vegetation. It then passes Swyre Farm with another road crossing, then Dean Farm, before reaching a very picturesque winding valley, crossed by the Westwell-Hatherop road. This section is notably a bourn in an unremarkable depression, which normally runs in the winter, but often disappears in the summer. (In recent dry winters - writing at summer 2007 - this section remained dry. Even more unusually, as of July 2007, it was running which has not happened during the summer for many years. The bourn section had been running continuously for long enough to have taken on the appearance of a river, with a scoured bed and water plants.)</p><br>
<h2>River</h2><br>
<p>Between this road crossing and the paired villages of Eastleach Martin and Eastleach Turville is the point at which the bourn becomes an all year river. Here it is crossed by a stone slab clapper bridge on a footpath close to a wide marshy area. A small spring rises close to the bridge. By the time the river passes between the Eastleach villages, each with their parish churches just a few hundred yards apart, the Leach has become a "proper" river, several yards (metres) wide. Between the villages a road bridge and another "clapper" footbridge cross the river. It passes another old mill between the Eastleaches and Southrop (pronounced "Suth-er-op") then skirts the hamlet of Fyfield. At the bridge at Southrop it divides into several channels, making a very attractive effect. From Southrop, the Leach forms the border between Gloucestershire and Oxfordshire.</p><br>
<h2>Final section and confluence</h2><br>
<p>There are large watermills (none working) on the river in fairly quick succession, firstly at Little Faringdon close to Lechlade the second town named after the river, then at "Lechlade Mill," and finally Priory Mill which is situated on the Kelmscott road. A few hundred yards (metres) later the Leach discharges from the northern bank into the Thames on the reach above Buscot Lock. It joins at the corner of the camping field behind The Trout Inn.</p><br>
<p>Mount Shishaldin is a moderately active volcano on Unimak Island in the Aleutian Islands chain of Alaska. It is the highest mountain peak of the Aleutian Islands. The most symmetrical cone-shaped glacier-clad large mountain on earth, the volcanos topographic contour lines are nearly perfect circles above 6,500 ft. The lower north and south slopes are somewhat steeper than the lower eastern and western slopes. The volcano is the westernmost of three large stratovolcanoes along an east–west line in the eastern half of Unimak Island. The Aleuts named the volcano Sisquk, meaning "mountain which points the way when I am lost." The upper 2,000 meters is almost entirely covered by glacial snow and ice. In all, Shishaldins glacial shield covers about 35 square miles. It is flanked to the northwest by 24 monogenetic parasitic cones, an area blanketed by massive lava flows. The Shishaldin cone is less than 10,000 years old and is constructed on a glacially eroded remnant of an ancestral somma and shield. Remnants of the older ancestral volcano are exposed on the west and northeast sides at 1,500–1,800 meters elevation. The Shishaldin edifice contains about 300 cubic kilometers of material. A very steady steam plume rises from its small summit crater which is about 500 ft across and slightly breached along the north rim.</p><br>
<h2>Activity</h2><br>
<p>This volcano has had many recorded eruptions during the 19th and 20th centuries, and a couple reports of volcanic activity in the area during the 18th century may have referred to Shishaldin as well. Therefore, the volcano&#39;s entire recorded history is spotted with reports of activity. AVO has 24 confirmed eruptions at Shishaldin, making it the volcano with the third most confirmed eruptions (after Akutan and Pavlof). However, Shishaldin has the most eruptions (this means confirmed AND possible eruptions) in Alaska, but half of the eruptions are unconfirmed, with the most recent one being in January 2015 (ongoing).</p><br>
<p>Mount Shishaldin&#39;s most recent eruptions were in 1995–96 and 1999. Since the 1999 eruption, it has maintained seismic activity, typically having very low-magnitude volcanic earthquakes (most are below magnitude 1) every 1–2 minutes. During this period of non-eruptive seismic activity, it has been puffing steam, with puffs also occurring about every 1–2 minutes. There were reports in 2004 of small quantities of ash being emitted with the steam.</p><br>
<p>The Alaska Volcano Observatory monitors the volcano for more hazardous activity with seismometers and satellite images. Visual observations are rare, because of the remote location of the volcano.</p><br>
<h2>Climbing</h2><br>
<p>The first recorded ascent of Shishaldin was in 1932, by G. Peterson and two companions. Given the straightforward nature of the climbing (Alaska Grade 1, snow up to 40 degree slope), it is possible that an earlier ascent occurred, either by native Aleuts, Russians, or other visitors. Shishaldin is a popular ski descent (6,000 feet/1,830 m vertical) for local climbers (of whom there are few). Due to its remoteness Shishaldin is not often climbed by outsiders.</p><br>
<p>Lampsacus  was an ancient Greek city strategically located on the eastern side of the Hellespont in the northern Troad. An inhabitant of Lampsacus was called a Lampsacene. The name has been transmitted in the nearby modern town of Lapseki.</p><br>
<h2>Ancient history</h2><br>
<p>Originally known as Pityusa or Pityussa (Πιτυούσ(σ)α), it was colonized from Phocaea and Miletus. In the 6th century BC Lampsacus was attacked by Miltiades the Elder and Stesagoras, the Athenian tyrants of the nearby Thracian Chersonese. During the 6th and 5th centuries BC, Lampsacus was successively dominated by Lydia, Persia, Athens, and Sparta; Artaxerxes I assigned it to Themistocles with the expectation that the city supply the Persian king with its famous wine. When Lampsacus joined the Delian League after the battle of Mycale (479 BC), it paid a tribute of twelve talents, a testimony to its wealth; it had a gold coinage in the 4th century, an activity only available to the more prosperous cities.</p><br>
<p>A revolt against the Athenians in 411 BC was put down by force. In 196 BC, the Romans defended the town against Antiochus the Great, and it became an ally of Rome; Cicero (2 Verr. i. 24. 63) and Strabo (13. 1. 15) attest its continuing prosperity under Roman rule. Lampsacus was also notable for its worship of Priapus, who was said to have been born there.</p><br>
<p>The philosopher Anaxagoras was forced to retire to Lampsacus after a trial in Athens around 434-33 BC. The citizens of Lampsacus erected an altar to Mind and Truth in his honor, and observed the anniversary of his death for many years.</p><br>
<p>Lampsacus produced a series of notable historians and philosophers. Charon of Lampsacus (c. 500 BC) composed histories of Persia, Libya, and Ethiopia, and annals of his native town. Metrodorus of Lampsacus (the elder) (5th century BC) was a philosopher from the school of Anaxagoras. Strato of Lampsacus (c. 335-c. 269 BC) was a Peripatetic philosopher and the third director of Aristotles Lyceum at Athens. Euaeon of Lampsacus was one of Platos students. A group of Lampsacenes were in the circle of Epicurus; they included Polyaenus of Lampsacus (c. 340 – 278 BC) a mathematician, the philosophers Idomeneus of Lampsacus, Colotes the satirist and Leonteus of Lampsacus; Batis of Lampsacus the wife of Idomeneus, was the sister of Metrodorus of Lampsacus (the younger), whose elder brother, also a friend of Epicurus, was Timocrates of Lampsacus.</p><br>
<h2>Christian history</h2><br>
<p>According to legend, St Tryphon was buried at Lampsacus after his martyrdom at Nicaea in 250.</p><br>
<p>The first known bishop in Lampsacus was Parthenius, under Constantine I. In 364, the see was occupied by Marcian and in the same year a council of bishops was held at Lampsacus. Marcian, was summoned to the First Council of Constantinople of Constantinople in 381, but refused to retract his adherence of the Macedonian Christian sect. Other known Bishops of Lampsacus were Daniel, who assisted at the Council of Chalcedon (451); Harmonius (458); Constantine (680), who attended the Third Council of Constantinople; John (787), at Nicaea; St. Euschemon, a correspondent of St. Theodore the Studite, and a confessor of the Faith for the veneration of images, under Theophilus. The See of Lampsacus is mentioned in the "Notitiae Episcopatuum" until about the 12th or 13th century. The famous Lampsacus Treasure, now in the British Museum, dates from this period.</p><br>
<p>The bishopric remains a vacant and titular see.</p><br>
<p>Nysa on the Maeander was an ancient city and bishopric of Asia Minor , whose remains are in the Sultanhisar district of Aydın Province of Turkey, 50 km east of the Ionian city of Ephesus, and which remains a Latin Catholic titular see.</p><br>
<p>At one time it was reckoned as belonging Caria or Lydia, but under the Roman Empire it was within the province of Asia, which had Ephesus for capital, and the bishop of Nysa was thus a suffragan of the metropolitan see of Ephesus.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In Greek mythology, Dionysus, the god of wine was born or raised in Nysa or Nyssa (Ancient Greek: Νύσα or Νύσσα), a name that was consequently given to many towns in all parts of the world associated with cultivation of grapes. The name "Nysa" is mentioned in Homer&#39;s Iliad (Book 6.132-133), which refers to a hero named Lycurgus, "who once drove the nursing mothers of wine-crazed Dionysus over the sacred mountains of Nysa". But the city on the Maeander was named instead for Nysa, a wife of Antiochus I Soter, who reigned from 281 to 261 BC and founded the city on the site of an earlier town called Athymbra (Ancient Greek Ἄθυμβρα), a name that continued in use until the second half of the 3rd century BC, but not in the earliest coinage of Nysa, which is of the next century.</p><br>
<p>The geographer Strabo began his studies under the rhetorician Aristodemus of Nysa the Younger, a grandson of the famous Posidonius, whose influence is manifest in Strabo&#39;s Geography. Nysa was then a centre of study that specialized in Homeric literature and the interpretation of epics.</p><br>
<p>Nysa was ruled by the Hellenistic Seleucid Empire, the Roman Empire and its continuation, the Byzantine Empire and by the Turks, until its final abandonment after being sacked by Tamerlane in 1402.</p><br>
<h2>Ecclesiastical history</h2><br>
<p>Nysa became a suffragan of its provincial capital&#39;s metropolitan Archdiocese of Ephesus, I the sway of the Patriarchate of Constantinople.</p><br>
<p>Of the Byzantine bishops of Nysa in Asia, several are historically documented:</p><br>
<p>Theodotus took part in the Council of Ephesus (431)</p><br>
<p>Maeonius in the Council of Chalcedon (451)</p><br>
<p>Sisinnius in the Third Council of Constantinople (680) and the Trullan Council (692)</p><br>
<p>Theodosius in the Second Council of Nicaea (787)</p><br>
<p>Nicholaus in the Council of Constantinople (869)</p><br>
<p>Michael in the Photian Council of Constantinople (879) on the fate of Patriarch Photius I of Constantinople.</p><br>
<h3>Titular see</h3><br>
<p>The diocese was nominally restored in 1933 as Latin Titular bishopric of Nysa in Asia (Latin) / Nisa di Asia (Curiate Italian) / Nysæus in Asia (Latin adjective), of the Episcopal (lowest) rank, but it remains vacant, never having had an incumbent.</p><br>
<h2>Remains</h2><br>
<p>There are important ruins on the site from the Hellenistic, Roman, and Byzantine periods. The well-preserved theatre, built during the Roman Imperial period, is famous for its friezes depicting the life of Dionysus, god of the grape harvest, winemaking and wine. It has a capacity 12.000 people. The library dating from the 2nd century A.D. is considered to be Turkey&#39;s second-best preserved ancient library structure after the "Celsus Library" of Ephesus. The stadium of Nysa, which suffered from floods and is therefore partially damaged, has a capacity of 30,000 people. The bouleuterion (municipal senate), later adapted as an odeon, with 12 rows of seats, offers room for up to 600-700 people. Other significant structures include the agora, gymnasion and the Roman baths. The 100 m long Nysa Bridge, a tunnel-like substructure, was the second largest of its kind in antiquity.</p><br>
<p>The Bartow-Pell Mansion is a historic house museum located in the northern portion of Pelham Bay Park in the Bronx, New York City. A National Historic Landmark, it has one of the nation&#39;s finest Greek Revival interiors, and is the last surviving major mid-19th century country estate house in the Pelham Bay area.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Originally the Robert and Maria Lorillard Bartow House, the residence and estate date back to 1654. The Lords of the Manor of Pelham once owned the home which was later enlarged, renovated and remodeled in the Federal style. The current house was built between 1836 and 1842. Ownership of the house passed between the Bartow and Pell families until it was finally sold to the City of New York in 1888 by descendants of the Bartow family.</p><br>
<p>The mansion remained unused and empty for years before being leased by the City of New York to Mrs. Zelia Hoffman in 1914 to house the International Garden Club, Inc., an organization she had founded to promote formal gardens. The club has since extended its purpose to include the preservation and restoration of the home. The exterior of the mansion was restored and the formal gardens were constructed from 1914 to 1917. In 1936, Mayor Fiorello La Guardia used the mansion as his summer residence while nearby Orchard Beach was built. The interior of the mansion, furnished with period antiques, reopened to the public as a museum in 1946. Some of the furnishings include the desk of Aaron Burr, who married a distant Bartow relative, Theodosia, and the only original and authentic Lannuier bed. The property also includes the Pell family burial plot.</p><br>
<p>The property was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1978. The mansion and a carriage house are included. Since 2008, Adventures in Preservation has been helping to preserve Bartow-Pell Mansion, a project that has been partly funded by a grant from the Cynthia Woods Mitchell Fund for Historic Interiors of the National Trust for Historic Preservation.</p><br>
<p>Alifeira  is a mountain village and a former municipality in Elis, West Greece, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Andritsaina-Krestena, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 96.678 km. The seat of the municipality was in the village of Kallithea.</p><br>
<h2>Subdivisions</h2><br>
<p>The municipal unit Alifeira is subdivided into the following communities (constituent villages in brackets):</p><br>
<p>Alifeira (Alifeira, Pefki)</p><br>
<p>Amygdalies (Amygdalies, Kato Amygdalies, Keramidi, Krana)</p><br>
<p>Kallithea (Kallithea, Barakitika)</p><br>
<p>Livadaki (Livadaki, Ptelea, Raptis)</p><br>
<p>Myronia (Myronia, Sylimna, Agios Vlasis, Klima, Rama)</p><br>
<p>Vresto (Vresto, Longo)</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Alifeira is situated in a mountainous and forested area, with many deep river valleys. The river Alfeios forms the northern border of the municipal unit. It is about 10 km northwest of Andritsaina, 20 km southeast of Krestena, 40 km southeast of Pyrgos and 50 km west of Tripoli. The Greek National Road 76 (Krestena - Karytaina - Megalopoli) runs through the municipal unit.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The ancient Arcadian town Aliphera was located in the Parrhasia country, 40 stadia (about 8 km) from ancient Heraea. It took part in the colonization of Megalopolis in 371 BC and was member of the Arcadian League. The name originates from Alipheros, son of Lycaon. In the city there were sanctuaries of Athena and Asclepius. In 224 BC Lydiades, tyrant of Megalopolis, gave the town to the Eleans. It was taken by Philip V of Macedon in 219 BC after a long siege, and later it joined the Achaean League and minted its own currency. Later, the city was subject to the Romans.</p><br>
<p>The first excavations were done by Anastasios Orlandos in 1932. In the ancient city the temples of Athena and Asclepius, the acropolis, the cemetery wall and some buildings have been found.</p><br>
<h2>Historical population</h2><br>
<p>North Sentinel Island is one of the Andaman Islands, which includes South Sentinel Island, in the Bay of Bengal. It is home to the Sentinelese who, often violently, reject any contact with the outside world, and are among the last people worldwide to remain virtually untouched by modern civilization. As such, only limited information about the island is known.</p><br>
<p>Nominally, the island belongs to the South Andaman administrative district, part of the Indian union territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. In practice, Indian authorities recognise the islanders&#39; desire to be left alone and restrict their role to remote monitoring. Thus the island can be considered a sovereign entity under Indian protection.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>North Sentinel lies 36 km west of the town of Wandoor in South Andaman Island, 50 km west of Port Blair, and 59.6 km north of its counterpart South Sentinel Island. It has an area of about 59.67 km&sup2; and a roughly square outline.</p><br>
<p>North Sentinel is surrounded by coral reefs, and lacks natural harbours. The entire island, other than the reefs, is forested. There is a narrow beach encircling the island, behind which the ground rises 20 m, and then gradually to between 150 ft and 122 m near the centre. Reefs extend around the island to between 0.5 and(-) from the shore. A forested islet, Constance Island, also "Constance Islet", is located about 600 m off the southeast coastline, at the edge of the reef.</p><br>
<p>The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake tilted the tectonic plate under the island, lifting it by. Large tracts of the surrounding coral reefs were exposed and became permanently dry land or shallow lagoons, extending all the island&#39;s boundariesby as much as 1 km on the west and south sidesand uniting Constance Islet with the main island.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Onge were aware of North Sentinel Island&#39;s existence and their traditional name for it is Chia daaKwokweyeh. They also have strong cultural similarities with what little has been remotely observed amongst the Sentinelese. However, Onge who were brought there by the British during the 19th century could not understand the language, so a significant period of separation is likely.</p><br>
<h3>Chola dynasty</h3><br>
<p>Rajendra Chola I (1014 to 1044 CE), one of the Tamil Chola dynasty kings, conquered the Andaman and Nicobar Islands to use them as a strategic naval base to launch a naval expedition against the Sriwijaya Empire (a Buddhist empire based in the island of Sumatra, Indonesia). They called the islands Tinmaittivu ("Valour/Truth/Strength islands" in Tamil).</p><br>
<h3>Maratha empire</h3><br>
<p>The Andaman and Nicobar Islands as a whole provided a temporary maritime base for ships of the Maratha Empire in the 17th century. The Maratha navy&#39;s admiral Kanhoji Angre established naval supremacy with a base in the islands and is credited with attaching those islands to India.</p><br>
<h3>British visits</h3><br>
<p>British surveyor John Ritchie, observed "a multitude of lights" from an East India Company hydrographic survey vessel, the Diligent, as it passed by the island in 1771.</p><br>
<p>Toward the end of the same years summer monsoon season, the Nineveh, an Indian merchant ship, was wrecked on a reef near the island. The 106 surviving passengers and crewmen landed on the beach in the ships boat and fended off attacks by the Sentinelese. They were eventually found by a Royal Navy rescue party.</p><br>
<p>An expedition led by Maurice Vidal Portman, a government administrator who hoped to research the natives and their customs, accomplished a successful landing on North Sentinel Island in January 1880. The group found a network of pathways and several small, abandoned villages. After several days, six Sentinelese (an elderly couple and four children) were captured and taken to Port Blair. The colonial officer in charge of the operation wrote that the entire group, "sickened rapidly, and the old man and his wife died, so the four children were sent back to their home with quantities of presents". A second landing was made by Portman on 27 August 1883 after the eruption of Krakatoa was mistaken for gunfire and interpreted as the distress signal of a ship. A search party landed on the island and left gifts before returning to Port Blair. Portman visited the island several more times between January 1885 and January 1887.</p><br>
<h3>Modern period</h3><br>
<p>Indian exploratory parties under orders to establish friendly relations with the Sentinelese made brief landings on the island every few years beginning in 1967.</p><br>
<p>After the Primrose grounded on the North Sentinel Island reef on 2 August 1981, crewmen several days later noticed that small dark-skinned men carrying spears and arrows were building boats on the beach. The captain of Primrose radioed for an urgent drop of firearms so his crew could defend themselves. They did not receive any because a large storm stopped other ships from reaching them. However, the heavy seas also prevented the islanders from approaching the ship. One week later, the crewmen were rescued by a helicopter under contract to the Indian Oil And Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC).</p><br>
<p>The first peaceful contact with the Sentinelese was made by Triloknath Pandit, a director of the Anthropological Survey of India, and his colleagues on 4 January 1991. Indian visits to the island ceased in 1997.</p><br>
<p>The Sentinelese survived the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and its after-effects, including the tsunami and the uplifting of the island. Three days after the earthquake, an Indian government helicopter observed several islanders, who shot arrows and threw stones at the hovering aircraft. Although the tsunami disturbed the fishing grounds, the Sentinelese appear to have adapted.</p><br>
<p>On 26 January 2006, two fishermen, Sunder Raj, age 48, and Pandit Tiwari, age 52, were killed by Sentinelese when their boat accidentally drifted too close to the island when they were fishing for mud crabs.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>A group of indigenous people, the Sentinelese, live on North Sentinel Island. Their population is estimated at between 50 and 400 individuals.</p><br>
<p>The population faces the potential threats of infectious diseases which they have no immunity to, as well as violence from intruders. The Indian government has declared the entire island and its surrounding waters extending 3 nmi from the island to be an exclusion zone. At the 2011 census, the India surveyors counted 15 natives on the shore of the island.</p><br>
<h2>Political status</h2><br>
<p>The Andaman and Nicobar Administration has stated in 2005 that they have no intention to interfere with the lifestyle or habitat of the Sentinelese and are not interested in pursuing any further contact with them. North Sentinel Island is not legally an autonomous administrative division of India. However, scholars have referred to it and its people as autonomous, or "independent."</p><br>
<h2>Image gallery</h2><br>
